高中英语 Unit4 Behind beliefs Grammar 牛津译林版选修9

1、Unit 4 Behind beliefs,Grammar and usage,Analysis of complicated sentences,You are as wise as Solomon. What does the sentence mean? Very clever. as wise as Solomon is an idiom in Bible, and in it Solomon was the third king of Israel who was known for his wisdom,What is an idiom? An idiom is a group o

2、f words or an expression whose meaning is not straightforward, because it often cannot be understood by looking at the meanings of its separate words,In the reading text Biblical idioms in English, we learnt something about idioms. Can you recite the first paragraph of? There are three sentences in

3、it,1. An idiom is a group of words or an expression whose meaning is not straightforward, because it often cannot be understood by looking at the meanings of its separate words,2. In other words, its meaning can be very different from the apparent meanings of its components,3. Idioms often use a num

4、ber of words to represent a single object, person or concept, among other things, and unless you recognize an idiom when it is being used, it is easy to misunderstand what you read or hear spoken,Can you analyze the sentence above,The sentence is a Complex sentence. It is made up of a main clause an

5、d one subordinate (Attribute) clause,the first sentence,A Complex sentence is made up of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. They are linked by subordinators(从属连词) such as because, when, where, if, since, that, unless, whereas, whose, while and although,What kinds of Complex sentence

6、do you know? 一、名词性从句 1. 包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句、同位语从句 2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三 类,Discussion,连接词: that, whether, if（不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词: when, where, how, why,e.g. It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. She did not know what had happened. The news that

7、 Tom would go abroad is told by him,二、定语从句 定语从句中的所有关系词不但有具体 意义而且都在从句中担当一定的成分。 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that等。 关系副词：when, where, why等。 在定语从句中，关系副词=介词+which,e.g. Those who /that are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. He has found a good job for which he i

8、s qualified. There are lots of examples of idioms where animals are used to create an image,三、状语从句 1. 时间状语从句 由as, while引导时，表示主句和从句 的动作同时发生，或一个动作发生在 另一个动作或过程中。 由after, when引导时, 表示主句动作在 从句后。 由before, when引导时，表示主句动作 发生在从句动作前,4) 由whenever, every/each time引导时， 表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生。 5) 由as soon as引导时， 表示主句动作

9、发生在从句动作的一瞬间后。 6) 由just/hardlywhen, no soonerthan引导时， 表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之前,e.g. We can leave when you are ready. After she packed up her things, Mary went to book her ticket,2. 原因状语从句 由 because, as, since或复合连词now that, in that 等引导 3. 地点状语从句 由where, wherever引导。 4. 条件状语从句 由 if, as (so) long as, unless 引

10、导,5. 目的状语从句 由 so that, in order that, in case等引 导。 6. 结果状语从句 由 so that, so that, such that 引导。 7. 让步状语从句 由 though, even though, however, no matter how/what/who等引导,8. 比较状语从句 由 than, the morethe more, asas引 导。 9. 方式状语从句 由in the same way, as 等引导,e.g. As the sun rose the fog dispersed. Whenever she had

11、a cold, she ate only fruit. Now that we have decorated the house, we can move in. The thread breaks where it is weakest,Robbie didnt feel as she did. She ought to come down just in case anything happened. If necessary, ring me at home,In other words, its meaning can be very different from the appare

12、nt meanings of its components,The sentence is a long simple sentence,the second sentence,Every sentence of this type contains a subject and a predicate. In these sentences, it is useful to identify the subject and the predicate,The subject is what the sentence is about and the predicate tells us som

13、ething about the subject and always includes a verb,e.g. Islam was started about 1,400 years ago by a man called Muhammad,Idioms often use a number of words to represent a single object, person or concept, among other things, and unless you recognize an idiom when it is being used, it is easy to mis

14、understand what you read or hear spoken,the third sentence,The sentence is a Complex-compound sentence. This happens when coordination(并列关系) and subordination(从属关系) occur in the same sentence,In compound sentences, there are two or more clauses. They are usually linked by coordinators such as and, o

15、r and but. Each clause can stand on its own,e.g. People who follow this religion study Buddhist sutras and they follow the teachings of Buddha. She is a funny girl, yet I cannot help liking her. You must hurry, or you wont make it for the train,the simple sentence,subject + predicate,the compound se

16、ntence,subject + predicate +and/or/but+ subject + predicate,the complex sentence,main clause + subordinate clause,the complex- compound sentence,the simple sentence+ and/or/but+ the complex sentence,Summary,长难句分析步骤： 1.首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。 2.如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语和宾补；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主、谓、宾各自的修饰语,按照所确

17、定的各个成分，给出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大、文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析,3. 如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑,4. 如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并 确定出主句，这时应特别注意连词省 略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含 义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细 分各分句的内部结构和句意,然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确,注意事项,1. 是否有同位语和插入语。 2

18、. 是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。 3. 替代词的所指对象。 4. 判断并列成分的层次。 5. 句首的并列连词and, or, but, for通常 起承上启下的作用，不要将他们归 入后文的句法分析,6. 在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含 从句的现象。 7. 非限定动词短语在句中作次要成 分（定语和状语）时又带着自己较 长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或 宾语从句时的结构分析,8. 在有多个从句的复合句和并列句 中，状语（单个词、短语或从句） 究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句 或词语的修饰语,Wang Gang found an article on a web page about early re

19、ligions. Look at the text below and decide if each sentence is (a) a long simple sentence, (b) a compound sentence, (c) a complex sentence, or (d) a compound-complex sentence,Analyze long and complicated sentences. Answers: 1 c 2 a 3 d 4 c 5 c 6 c 7 b,Wang Gang is reading about English proverbs. He

20、has taken some notes and wants to use them in his essay. Look at each group of sentences and help Wang Gang combine them to form one complicated sentence, using words in brackets to help you,1. One English proverb is the early bird catches the worm. This proverb is frequently used to talk about hard

21、 work being the key to success. (which) _ _ _ _,One English proverb is the early bird catches the worm, which is frequently used to talk about hard work being the key to success,2. The proverb great minds think alike, but fools seldom differ is very famous. This proverb is usually shortened to great

22、 minds think alike. (although) _ _ _ _,The proverb great minds think alike, but fools seldom differ is very famous although it is usually shortened to great minds think alike,3. The proverb dont count your chickens until they are hatched means dont count on something going well until it happens. Thi

23、s proverb is very popular. (and) _ _ _ _ _,The proverb dont count your chickens until they are hatched means dont count on something going well until it happens, and this proverb is very popular,4. The proverb make hay while the sun shines is very old. it comes from the old days. people all worked o

24、n farms. (and, when) _ _ _ _,The proverb make hay while the sun shines is very old, and it comes from the old days when people all worked on farms,Have a try: We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us,_ we gave some bells and glasses. A. to which B. to whom C.

25、 with whom D. with which,Consolidation,He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this,The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. A. which; where B. at which; which

26、C. at which; where D. which; in which,that/which,why,comes coming; or: Autumn comes, and leaves turn yellow,Find the mistake in the following sentences and try to correct then give the reason,2. Have you ever asked him the reason why may explain his being late,1. Autumn comes, leaves turn yellow,3. If a man goes to work goes with