否定和肯定的翻译转换

1、chapter six,否定和肯定的翻译转换,getting-in: 译文,1.try to put the following into chinese: 1) if you fail to settle the payment in two weeks, well have to pass the matter to our legal department. 2) this is the last job i would do. 3) if i were you, i would take the offer. 4) not all of us have been there,getti

2、ng-in: 译文,2.try to put the following into english: 1) 你们的交货期已逾期两周了, 货物还未送达。 2) 他现在不在。 3) 这种口气很不礼貌,否定和肯定的翻译转换,1. 为什么要进行肯定/否定的翻译转换 汉英两种语言在表达否定概念时所使用的词汇手段, 语法手段, 甚至语言逻辑等方面都有差异, 若任何时候都把某种语言的否定形式译成另一种语言的否定形式, 有时译文就会不通顺, 或是不符合目标语表达习惯, 甚至还会导致读者理解错误,否定和肯定的翻译转换,1) if you fail to settle the payment in two wee

3、ks, well have to pass the matter to our legal department. 译文:如果你方两星期内不付清货款的话, 我方拟将此事移交本公司法律部门处理。 注:fail to do sth.不能做到., 肯定句译成了否定句,否定和肯定的翻译转换,2) this is the last job i would do. 译文: 我才不会干这活。 注: last: “最后的”, be the last: 有“最不可能的”意思,否定和肯定的翻译转换,3) if i were you, i would take the offer. 译文:可惜我不是你, 换了我的话

4、就会接受了。 该句用虚拟语气的语法手段表达了与事实相反的条件假设, 肯定句译成了否定句,否定和肯定的翻译转换,4) not all of us have been there. 译文: 我们有些人去过, 有些人没去过。 注: not all 用在否定句中是部分否定, 如译成 “我们都没”就违背了原本的语言逻辑, 也就是误译,否定和肯定的翻译转换,在英汉翻译时, 我们还常常必须先弄清楚英/汉语在表达同样的否定意义时是否与汉/英语的表达形式相同, 然后再动笔翻译。 有时在英语中是否定的意思，在汉语里却要用肯定的形式表达；同样，有时在汉语中是否定的意思，在英语里却需用肯定的形式表达,1. 他们工作时

5、总是互相帮助。 肯定：they always help each other in working. 否定：they never work without helping each other. 2. before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid. 肯定：付款之前，收据应签字。 否定：收据尚未签字之前，不得付款,3.他抱怨名单上没有他的名字。 否定：he complained that his name is not included in the list. 肯定：he complained the omissi

6、on of his name from the list. 4. nowadays it is not a rare case that females positioned as ceo. 否定：女性身居ceo的现象并不鲜见。 肯定：女性身居ceo的现象较为常见,2.英语中常见的否定表示方法和汉语处理,英语表否定的方法两种:借助词汇和借助结构 借助词汇: 除了not, no, nor, neither, never 这一类表示否定的词，经常被使用的还有： 1) 含否定意义的动词或动词短语 (fail,deny,miss,lack,ignore,exclude,reject, withhold

7、,prevent,defy, be absent, refrain from,1. the new invention seems to defy the law of science. 这项发明看来不符合科学规律。 2. if you fail to settle the payment in two weeks, well have to pass the matter to our legal department. 如果你方两星期内不付清货款的话，我方只好将此事移交本公司法律部门处理,2.英语中常见的否定表示方法和汉语处理,2) 含否定意义的名词或名词短语 如：absence, omi

8、ssion, neglect, scarcity, lack, failure, exclusion等等。 we have to deal with the problem caused by the lack of fresh water. 我们得克服淡水不足引起的麻烦,3)含否定意义的形容词或形容词短语 如：missing, far from, free from, short of, blind of, deaf of, dead to, ignorant 等。 1: how can he be expected to be a statesman as he is ignorant o

9、f the basic facts of such a matter? 他对这件事的最基本认识都没有，又怎么能从政呢？ 2: they were deaf to the victims appeal. 他们对受害者的诉求充耳不闻,4)含否定意义的副词或副词短语: no longer, otherwise 例1: the two sides have traded with each other no longer after that war. 双方自打那场战争后就再没有贸易往来。 2: well get there somehow, by train or otherwise. 我们总会去那

10、儿的，不是乘火车就是用其它方式去,5)含否定意义的连词: unless, until, or, rather than 1. we would appreciate very much if you could arrange a replacement of the goods in two weeks or a refund of it. 希望你们如不能在两周内换货就退货款。 2. id rather play tennis than swim. 我想打网球，不想游泳,6) 含否定意义的的前缀或后缀:no-,non-,un-,im-,de-,mis-,-less等等 例: impolite

11、,unnecessary, non-government organization, useless,hopeless,helpless,7) 含否定意义的介词或介词短语:except, without, beyond, instead of, in place of, above 1: nowadays, plastics are widely used in place of other traditional materials. 现在, 由于塑料的广泛应用, 许多传统的材料已不为人们所用了。 2: this requirement is beyond us. 我们无力满足这种要求,借助

12、结构,在结构方面, 英语往往用比较结构, 虚拟语气和迂回的表达法来表示否定意思或部分否定。 1) 比较结构: morethan, other than, rather than等等 1. you cant get there other than by car. 不坐车, 你就没法到那儿。 2. its more water than wine. 这明明是水，不是酒,借助结构,2) 虚拟语气: 还包括了感叹、诅咒等 1. i would rather you had said so. 可惜你偏偏没有说这话。 2. had it been a fine day. 遗憾的是那天天气不好,3) 迂回

13、表达法: 不直接说“不”字。 通过一些含有极限或超过极限的词或短语， 如：the last, the least, the limit, little, few, above, beneath, beyond，等; 还通过一些特定的表达结构， 如： but, tooto , toofor, 等,1. we got everything ready but hands. 我们什么都备齐了，就是缺人手。 2. the operation in that area is too tough for us. 那一带的营运太复杂，我们控制不了,借助结构,4) 部分否定: 在否定谓语的句子中用了all 或

14、both 往往是部分否定。 1. all in our class are not from south. 我们班并不是都来自南方。 2. both the instruments are not precision ones. 这两台仪器并不都是精密仪器,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,1)“尚未.以前” 翻译成英语时候通常用before 的短语或其从句来表达。 例:货物未交付运输前不得将发票送出。 the invoice cant be sent out before the shipping is made,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,2) “要/直到.才.”翻译成英

15、语时候通常用 notuntil 例1: 这笔欠款直到上周五才付清。 the payment was not cleared until last friday. 例2: 这笔货款要到本周五才到期。 the payment is not overdue until the coming friday,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,3) “所有都不”译成英语时候通常用nobut there is no machine but will use power in work. 所有的机器运转时都不能没有动能,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,4) “认为不”译成英语时候通常用 not

16、thinkdo 我认为他不会来。 i dont think he would come,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,一般来说, 不能硬性规定何种句子要译成否定的或肯定的, 只是在实践中译者应充分考虑目标语的习惯, 尽量使译文准确、地道，易为读者接受和理解。 1) 你们的交货期已逾期两周了,货物还未送达 your delivery is two weeks overdue,3.汉语中常见的否定表示方法和英语处理,2) 他现在不在。 he is out at the moment. 3) 这种口气很不礼貌。 it sounds very rude,学以致用,1. 英译汉 1) it i

17、s not difficult to get such a balance settled now. 2) to get such a balance settled is beyond us now. 3) they tried to overcome the shortage of the data. 4) all our clients can not take this matter in this way,1. 英译汉,1.1) 现在还这笔款是很容易的事。 2) 现在我们没能力还这笔款。 3) 他们克服了资料不足的困难。 4) 并非所有的客户都能这样理解这件事,学以致用,2.汉译英 1) 我们的客户认为供货不会有困难。