概括段意Summary-Writing详解ppt课件

1、Summary Writing,Objectives,Give an appropriate definition for a summary Know the characteristics of a good summary Learn the techniques in summary writing Learn the steps in summary writing Practice,I. What is a summary,A summary is a shortened passage, which retains the essential information of the

2、 original. It is a fairly brief restatement - in your own words -of the contents of a passage. Note: you simply report back what the writer has said, without making value judgments,Use of Summary Writing,Very good exercise for improving reading comprehension; Helpful to composition writing; Having p

3、ractical uses,II. Characteristics of a good summary,Can be understood without reference to the original; Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains only the ideas or information of, the original; Is brief without any unnecessary detail; Is a readable unified whole,III. How to write a summary,The imp

4、ortance of summary writing Necessary elements for a good summary Proper citation title, author, source; date of publication and the text (journal articles,Thesis statement the topic or general subject matter of the text; the authors major assertion, comment, or position on the topic,Supporting ideas

5、 major supporting ideas; relationships among these ideas no specifics the authors purpose in writing no personal opinions, ideas, and inferences,Grammar and the structure of writing avoid direct quotation; use transitional words Length 1/4 to 1/3 of the original,Read the article To understand the ar

6、ticle and find the general theme. Reread the article Divide into sections and label each section. Understand the important parts. Write one-sentence summaries Summarize each section of thought,Steps in writing a summary,Reading,Read the passage through carefully to get the gist of it; Give a title t

7、o your summary; You should now in the position to decide what parts of the passage are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much loss. Jot down in brief notes the main points,Formulate the thesis statement Weave the one-sentence section-summaries together

8、. Write the first draft In the first sentence or two: The authors name The articles or chapters name The authors thesis statement Then the summary sentences for each paragraph or section,Express in your own words, to avoid plagiarism. Occasional supporting ideas if necessary. Note: Eliminate unneces

9、sary words and repetitions. Eliminate personal ideas and inferences. Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas. Conclude with a summing up sentence,Edit the draft Is all the important information in the summary? Am I listing things out? Am I saying the same thing over and over again? Ha

10、ve I left out my personal views and ideas? Does my summary hang together? Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct? Write the final draft,IV. Techniques in summary writing,Paraphrasing To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other peoples ideas in ones own words,Examples,1. Y

11、ouve cooked us all a hot potato. (a troublesome person or issue) 2. Prevention is better than cure. (It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.,It helps us understand the original better. It helps us grasp the central idea and the main points. It

12、 helps us write summaries that are brief and to the point, and in our own words,The importance of paraphrasing,Read the original carefully and comprehend its meaning wholly and correctly. Consider the original article as a whole, not in isolated sentences,Steps of paraphrasing,Grasping the central i

13、deas,III. Techniques in summary writing,Ways of condensation Use synonyms or synonymous phrases He had a good command of English. (He knew English well.) Change the structure of simple sentences My brother has an appreciation of modern art. (My brother appreciates modern art.,III. Techniques in summ

14、ary writing,Turn complex sentences into simple sentences He received a welcome that was as cold as ice. (He received an icy welcome.) Combine the sentences Hurry up. If you dont, youll miss the train. (Hurry up or youll miss the train.,Finding the topic sentence and making an outline topic sentence

15、/ outline,Techniques in summary,Omit details. Reduce the examples. Simplify the descriptions. Eliminate all repetitions,Compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words,His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his cr

16、editor.“ The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh,Replace clauses or sentences with phrases,Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotel

17、s on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago,Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and

18、better communication,Use general words instead of specific words,She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the v

19、acation,Use the shortest possible transitions. Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speeches,Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul - its not at all good for you! Paul put down his knife and frowned: Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your

20、 food it would taste awful . like eating cardboard or sand . just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt! Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: But too much salt is bad for you. It causes high blood pressure and later on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the tastes of food, the real tastes, which are much more subtle than salt, and which we h