形容词和副词的比较级及最高级

1、形容词和副词及其比较等级、否定句、省略句,形容词和副词及其比较等级,知识点: 形容词的句法功能及其在句中的位置 副词的句法功能及其在句中的位置 形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则 形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 比较等级的一些特殊用法及固定句型,形容词的句法功能,1. 在句中作定语： E.g. The young man likes singing very much. 2. 在句中作表语： E.g. The story was very interesting. 3. 在句中作补： E.g. I cant drink it hot（宾补)这东西热得我不能喝 the room was fo

2、und empty.(主补） 4. 在句中作状语： E.g. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 5. 可用作副词，修饰另一形容词 E.g. Dark red / dead tired/ wide open 6. 名词化的形容词： E.g. the beautiful can never die,形容词的位置,1. 形容词作定语，一般放在被修饰的名词之前。 2. 后置： 表语形容词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。 E.g. This is the only book available. 当被修饰的词是以some, any, every, no 等和别

3、的词构成的不定代词时，形容词要后置。 E.g. I have never met someone famous. 当形容词后面有不定式短语或介词短语时须后置。 E.g. He came in to the office, full of fear. a man so difficult to please must be hard to work with,前置形容词排列顺序 多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，这些形容词的词序不能随意排列，需遵循一定的规则：限定词（冠词物主/指示不定代词)+序数词基数词描绘性形容词（大小形状新旧/年龄)表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词表示材料、物质的形

4、容词表示用途或类别的形容词。 E.g. a pretty purple silk dress a tall intelligent young Chinese officer,Mary has just bought herself _ dress,a cotton, blue, expensive a blue expensive, cotton an expensive, blue, cotton a cotton, expensive, blue,Answer: C,If the taxi arrives _, we shall miss our flight,lately late l

5、ateness more later,Answer: B,Of+名词,Of+名词” 相当于一个形容词，在句中可充当 表语。 E.g. He is of help to our project. He is _ to speak the truth. too much of a coward so much a coward too much a coward so much of a coward,Answer: A,副词的句法功能,副词是表示行为或状态特征的词，修饰动词，形容词，副词和全句。主要作状语，也可以定语、表语、宾语补足语。例： The girl made a very carefu

6、l answer. The boy threw the ball quickly. Nearly five hundred people were present at the meeting. Obviously he knew nothing about me. The meeting today is very important. Whats on this evening? We saw them off at the station yesterday,副词的位置,1. 表示确定的时间副词、地点副词和一些方式副词一般放在句末。 E.g. He closed the window q

7、uietly. 2. 频度副词一般放在行为动词前，助动词、系动词和情态动词后。 E.g. He always gets up at 6. She is always complaining the food in the canteen. 3. 程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词、副词前。 E.g. This is a very good book. 4. 一些方式副词修饰不及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之后。 E.g. We should study hard,副词的位置,5. 副词修饰及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之前或宾语之后。 E.g. He wrote some letters carefu

8、lly yesterday. 6. 副词修饰名词时放在名词之后。 E.g. The young people there are from Guangzhou. 7. 修饰全句的副词常放在句首。 E.g. Unfortunately, he failed the exam,副词Quite, rather, so, too,上述几个副词可置于形容词、不定冠词等限定词之前修饰名词。 E.g. Shes quite a girl. He seemed to take rather a fancy to her. She is too young a girl to travel alone. Hes

9、 never again written so good a book since 1980. 注意区别：Hes never again written such a good book since 1980. 注意：so在修饰名词时，顺序应为so+形容词+冠词+名词；而 such在修饰名词时，顺序为such +冠词+形容词+名词. 但如果 名词前已有many/much和little/few来修饰，则用so. E.g. She ate so many chocolates during the afternoon that he began to feel sick,With _ left b

10、efore Friday, it does no seem likely that we will make the deadline. A. so short time B. such a short time C. so short time D. such short time,Answer: B,形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则,英语中形容词和副词有三种等级：原级，比较级及最高级。 规则形容词和副词变比较级和最高级的规则如下： 单音节词末尾加-er和-est, 如：great-greater-greatest 单音节词如以-e结尾，只加-r和-st, 如：brave-braver-

11、bravest 闭单节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er和-est，如：big-bigger-biggest 少数以-er, -ow, -ble结尾的双单节词，末尾加-er和-est，如：clever-cleverer-cleverest; narrow-narrower-narrowest; 以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅单字母，则变y为i，再加-er和-est, 如：happy-happier-happiest. 其他双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。如：difficult-more difficult-most difficult,形容词和副词

12、比较级、最高级的变化规则,以ly结尾的副词的比较级和最高级采用more和most形式。如：happily-more happily-most happily Often的比较等级通常采用more和most形式。如： often-more often-most often,形容词和副词比较级、最高级的变化规则,不规则形容词和副词的比较级、最高级变化： Good / well-better-best Bad/badly-worse-worst Many/much-more-most Little-less-least Far-farther/further-farthest/furthest (注

13、：farther和farthest表具体概念， further和furthest表抽象概念。) Old-older/elder-oldest/eldest （注： elder和eldest可作定语，表示家庭中看见较大或最大。如：My elder brother is 3 years older than I. ） 形容词和副词前如果加less和least，表示“较不”和“最不,形容词和副词比较级的用法,原级 As+原级+as He is as tall as I. He likes her as much as he likes his sister. 否定 Not asas/not soas

14、 He does not smoke so heavily as his brother,注：as后面的形容词如作定语，而被定语修饰的名词有不定冠词a时，冠词a须放在形容词之后，如German is as difficult a language as English. I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin,形容词和副词比较级的用法,比较级用于两者的比较，其结构是：含有比较级的主句+连 词than引导的从句（从句中常省去意义上和主句相同的部分） 如： There are more children in this school tha

15、n in that one. The climate of Kunming is better than that of Lanzhou. Mary is less clever than Jane. David drives faster than anyone I know. They speak less frequently but more correctly than we do,形容词和副词最高级的用法,最高级用于两者以上的比较，其结构是：定冠词the+最高级 +表示范围的短语或从句（副词的最高级可以没有定冠词the）。 如： Peter is the oldest boy of

16、 them all. London is the biggest city in Britain. This is the best film that I have ever seen. He swims the best in Class One,形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法,1. 用twice, three times等加asas结构表示倍“几倍数于”。例： New York is ten times as big as my home town. 表示“几倍于”还有下面的说法： New York is ten times the size of my home town. New Yo

17、rk is ten times bigger than my home town. 2. 可以用much, far, still, even, a little, no, any, a great deal, (by) far(显然；得多)等状语来修饰形容词和副词的比较级.如： She sings far better than others. This is by far the most difficult,形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法,3. 来自拉丁语的一些形容词如senior, junior, prior, superior, inferior等本身就有比较含义，因此形式不变，后面跟t

18、o, 不跟than： He is several years senior to me. I have not met this man prior to today. They are superior in numbers to us,形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法,4. 在比较等级中还有以下一些固定句型： More than 非常，不仅是，超过 E.g. They are more than glad to help. His flattery (奉承) is more than you can bear. Morethan 与其说，不如说 E.g. Hes more mad than s

19、tupid. No more than 只有，只不过 E.g. He has no more than twenty yuan in his pocket,the morethe more (less) 越越（不） E.g. The more knowledgeable a man is, the more modest he will be. The more haste, the less speed. More and more 越来越 E.g. I get more and more absorbed in the work here. All the better 更好 E.g. I

20、f you can fulfill the task two days ahead of time, all the better,形容词和副词比较级的特殊用法,So much the better (worse) 当然更好（更糟） E.g. If you can make friends with her, so much the better. For better or (for) worse 好歹， 不管怎样 E.g. Youll ring us up if theres any change, for better or worse. Asascan be 极其 E.g. They

21、are as unreliable as they can be. as good as 几乎已经，实际已经 E.g. Everything was as good as settled,So (such)as to 如此已致于 E.g. He studies so hard as to pass the final examination. So (such)that 如此已致于 E.g. It rained so heavily that we cant go climbing. So/as far as 就.而言 E.g. As far as I am concerned, they c

22、an go when they like,5. 表示”因此而更加。“，用all, so much, none等 +the +比较级， 这种结构后不可在接than 从句 He told a lie about it, and that makes his fault all the worse. She looks none the better for her holiday. (一点也不,Millions of other stars are even _(big) and _(bright) than the sun. They look small only because they a

23、re much _ (far) away. Do you think maths is one of _ (interesting) subjects? Your aunt is _(fat) woman I have ever seen. He danced _ (badly) than any other boy in the group. His elder sister danced _ (well) of all. They all finished the work two hours _(early) than usual,bigger,brighter,farther,the

24、most interesting,the fattest,more badly,best,earlier,There are at least _ diamonds in the sea as on land. A. five times more B. as many five times C. Five times as many D. as five times more,Answer: C,It is hotter today than yesterday and I drink _ water than yesterday. A. less B. many more C. fewer

25、 D. much more Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _ other musicians. A. Superior thanB. more superior than C. Superior toD. more superior to,Answer: D,Answer: C,否定句,直接否定 储蓄否定 部分否定 全部否定,转移否定 双重否定 局部否定 延续否定 不完全否定句,知识点,直接否定,特点： 带有否定词not, no, none, never, nowhere, nobody, nothing, neither

26、, nor等。 E.g. No students came from the south. 带有半否定词hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, little, few等。 E.g. I could hardly hear a word at that time. 带有否定意义词缀(如前缀dis-, non-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-及后缀-less等)。如dislike, unhappy, impossible等。 E.g. It is impossible for her to take his advice,含蓄否定,特点： 用名词abs

27、ence, denial, failure, ignorance, lack, refusal, reluctance, want(缺少)等表示否定。 E.g. He was a failure as a doctor. 用形容词或形容词短语reluctant, absent, different, few, free from, ignorant, little等表示否定。 E.g. The article is free from serious errors. “形容词比较级+than”结构和最高级形式也可表示否定的含义，常见的有“er比较级+than”, “more thancan”,

28、 “the last/ least”等形式。 E.g. He is the last person I want to see in the world,含蓄否定,用介词或介词短语表示否定，如off, till, against, behind, without, past, above, beyond, beneath, instead of, except。 E.g. The computer is past repair. You have to get a new one. 用动词defy, deny, escape, fail, ignore, lack, miss, refuse,

29、 overlook, neglect等表示否定。 E.g. He always fails to keep his promise. 虚拟语气的一些句子表示与现在或过去事实相反的愿望，这种肯定形式的句子所表示的意义往往是否定的。 E.g. I wish I could sing better. 肯定形式的修辞性疑问句可以表示否定的意义。 E.g. Who cares about you,部分否定,表示“全体”和“绝对”意义的代词、形容词或副词，如all, both, complete, whole, every, everything, everywhere, always, altogeth

30、er, entirely, wholly, usually, exactly, very, quite, totally等，它们与否定词not连用构成否定结构时，表示部分否定，谓语的形式采用“not+谓语动词”；有时也把否定词移至句首。部分否定表示的意义是“不都”、“并非都”。 E.g. Your wife isnt wholly to blame. Such beautiful music is not heard quite often,Not用来否定名词、数词等构成部分否定。 E.g. Not many of us will go to the Great Wall tomorrow.

31、由and连接两个对等的宾语、状语或表语时，如果只否定对等部分后者，可用notand结构表示部分否定。 E.g. The book is not interesting and instructive. 这本书有趣，但无教育意义,全部否定,如果要表示全部否定“都不”、“全不”等意思，通常要把这些具有总括意义的词(如: all, everything, everyone, both)改为相应的表示否定意义的词，如: none, nothing, nobody, neither等。 E.g. None of these magazines are yours. 表示全称意义的代词、形容词或副词与带有

32、否定词缀的词连用表示完全否定。 E.g. All the workers are unkind to the new one. 虚拟语气所表示的与事实相反，因此也可看作是完全否定式。 E.g. If I had left a little earlier, I would have arrived on time. Notor结构和notnor结构也表示全部否定。 E.g. He cannot sing or dance. / He cannot sing, nor dance,He _ in his saving account,has scarcely not any money left

33、 has scarcely any money left has scarcely no money left scarcely has no money left,Answer: B,_ he wrote on the blackboard were correct,None sentence None of the sentences None sentences No one sentence,Answer: B,转移否定,从句中的否定词转移到主句谓语动词。 1. 主句谓语动词为think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy表示“相信”或“

34、臆测”的动词和表示“感知”的动词appear, seem, feel (as if), look (as if)等时，从句的否定词转移到主句谓语动词。 E.g. He didnt feel as if he was hurt. 2. 否定原因状语从句的not常常转移到主句的谓语动词。 E.g. I didnt go because I want to borrow things. (注：这种情况下的not否定到底是否定主句还是原因状语从句须根据上下文判断。) 对句子其它成分的否定转移到谓语动词。 1. 否定宾语。E.g. I dont like both of the books. 2. 否定

35、状语。E.g. Such a thing is not found everywhere. 3. 否定主语。E.g. All books are not helpful. 4. 否定表语。E.g. I am not feeling very well today,I _ pass the exam,dont believe he can believe he cant not believe he can believe not he can,Answer: A,双重否定,双重否定的用法，一是为了强调加强说话的语气，一是为了表示委婉的陈述。表示双重否定的词和词组常见的有nono (not) (

36、不不), notwithout (不不), nobut(没有不), neverbut (每必), neverwithout (每必), cant but+动词原形(不能不, 禁不住), not (not, never)unless (没有除非), notuntil (不不), not+含否定意义的词缀的词(不是不)等. E.g. You cannot pass the exam without his help. I never look at her picture without thinking of the kindness she showed me. I couldnt help

37、but cry when I heard such news. Whats done cannot be undone,No students are able to pursue nuclear science _ mathematics,with no solidly without a solid grasp of without solidly grasping of with no grasping solidly of,Answer: B,局部否定,Not 否定形容词或副词。 E.g. I go fishing not very often. Not, no修饰more, less

38、, fewer等词.在这种结构中,not, no修饰比较级的形容词、副词，构成局部否定。No比not的否定效果更强. E.g. Its no more than a mile to his home. 否定词位于介词短语中。 E.g. He answered me with not a moment hesitation. Not置于不定式短语和动名词短语之前对其进行否定. E.g. We felt sorry for not finishing the work on time. Notbut(不是而是)的否定结构 E.g. They want not your blame but your

39、 help,The students went on strike, but _,No the teachers The teachers not No the teachers Not teachers,Answer: A,延续否定,否定+否定”的形式。为了加强否定语气,后一句常用一个否定词或词组(如,not at all, not in the least等). E.g. Do you like tea? -No, not at the moment. Nor, neither, not (no) either引导的否定句.这种结构通常采用倒装. E.g. You havent finis

40、hed your homework, neither have I / I havent either. Much less, still less引导的否定句。这两个词组往往用在否定句的后面,形成延续否定,其意义为“更不用说了” E.g. I have not even read the first page, still less finished the book. Let alone, not to mention, not to speak of表示否定. E.g. I wont even thank him, let alone pay him,You have no class

41、tomorrow. _,A. So do we.B. We dont too. C. We are too.D. Nor do we,正确答案：D,不完全否定,具有否定含义的副词可与if, or连用，此时if, or常接一个副词或代词，对前面半否定词进行补充，表示让步的概念，含义为“即使” E.g. He does little or nothing in the office. 他在办公室里简直就没有做事。 “Did anyone sign your petition?” “Yes, we had a hundred signatures, _” A. if no moreB. if not

42、 more C. if moreoverD. if not large,正确答案：B,在很多情况下，形式上的否定句表达的却是肯定的含义. 这类句子有,not untiltill 直到才，只有才 E.g. People do not know the blessing of health until they lose it notlong before 很快就，不久就 E.g. It wasnt long before he told us about this affair. Cannottoo无论怎样也不会过分，越越好 E.g. This cant be stressed too stro

43、ngly toonot to太 一定会不会不 E.g. He is too wise not to see the reason no soonerthan ，hardlyscarcelywhen 刚就 E.g. No sooner had he entered the office than the telephone rang 否定词与比较级连用，表示肯定含义，意为最，极其。 E.g. I couldnt feel better,You cant be _ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case,very

44、quite too so,Answer: C,省略句,知识点: 简单句中的省略 并列句中的省略 复合句中的省略 特殊的省略结构,简单句中的省略,名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教学或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。 E.g. We can meet at Toms. I am thinking of going to the barbers. 在以what, how开头的感叹句中，常常可以省略句子的主语it和系动词be。 E.g. What a wonderful victory （it is)! 如果主语是all one can do, the first (或onl

45、y) thing to do, what one does to do等形式，作表语的动词不定式用来说明上文do的内容时，不定式符号to可以省略，也可不省略。 E.g. All you have to do is (to) go back to work. 在前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时，可以单独使用动词不定式符号to, 表示省略了一个不定式结构。 E.g. Will you play with them? -Well, Id love to (play with them,简单句中的省略,在独立主格结构中的being和having been可以省略。 E.g. The work (hav

46、ing been) done, they went home on after another. 用so, not或其他 手段来替代上文或问句中的一部分或整个句意。 E.g. Can he do this work? -I think so. - Can you do the job? -I am afraid not. 在某些动作后的宾语补足语和主语补足语中可将to be省略。 E.g. The film is thought (to be) very valuable. They found the answer (to be) correct,Will you come?” “_,Im

47、glad I should be glad to Yes, I am Im glad to be coming,Answer: B,Have you got a free evening next week? _, lets have dinner,If not If it not If so If it so,Answer: C,并列句中的省略,在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的一些成分。如果相同的成分是谓语动词，可用助动词替代之，也可将谓语动词省略。 E.g. Jim came in September but Bob (came) in October. He

48、 often regards English as easy and (he often regards) Japanese as difficult. In our class boys like sports, while girls do not (like sports,She traveled abroad and _,my friend did too neither did her friend her friend did either her friend didnt either,Answer: A,复合句中的省略,在时间、条件、让步状语从句(即由when, while, as, if, till, unless等引导的从句)中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同，从句的主语可以省略，而从句的谓语动词如果与主句之间的关系是主动的，即用现在分词形式，如果是被动关系，即用过去分词形式。从句中的谓语动词如果是be动词，也可省略。 E.g. If (he) working hard, he can pass the exam. He will not come unless (he is) invited. Though (he is)