美国历史简介 中英对照 课堂

1、A Brief,History of the United,States,1,Introduction to British and American Culture,Introduction,The Discovery of America,The War of Independence,Westward Expansion,The American Civil War,The Great Depression,The World War II,Introduction to British and American Culture,2,Introduction to British and

2、 American Culture,3,Introduction to British and American Culture,1,在两万多年前,有一批来自亚洲的流浪者,经由北美到中,南美洲,这些人就是,印第安人,Indians,的祖先,2,大约,1,万年前,又有另一批亚洲人,移居到北美北部,这,是后来的,爱斯基摩人,Eskimo,3,最早到美洲的白种人大概是,维京人,the Vikings,他们,是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人,4,1492,年,10,月,12,日,哥伦布,发现,美洲大陆,十五世纪,Before the Colonial,Period,4,Introduction to Briti

3、sh and American Culture,The Discovery of America,Columbus,In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the,Caribbean,加勒比海,islands,Columbus called the local people Indians,Introduction to British and American Culture,5,Introduction to British and American Culture,Amerigo Vespucci,阿美利哥韦斯普奇（意大利航海家，商人，美洲新大陆以其命名为,

4、America,He first confirmed the fact that a new,continent had been discovered,The New World was named America to,honor Amerigo Vespucci,Introduction to British and American Culture,6,Introduction to British and American Culture,The Colonial Period,1,一个,102,人的殖民团体,在乞沙比克海滩建立了,詹姆士镇,这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性,殖民地。

5、,五月花号公约,2,每逢,11,月第四个星期四，美国人民便迎来了自,己最重要的传统民俗节日,感恩节,3,18,世纪中叶,13,个英国殖民地逐渐形成,他们,在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会,这,13,个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异,造成了各地,经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别,7,Introduction to British and American Culture,The First Permanent English Colony,In 1607,Three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and,landed by the side of a riv

6、er-the James River,杰姆斯河,The first English colony was founded at,Jamestown,詹姆斯顿,Virginia,维吉尼亚州,Introduction to British and American Culture,8,Introduction to British and American Culture,感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端,1620,年,著名的,五月花号,船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害,的清教徒,102,人到达美洲,1620,年和,1621,年之交的冬天,他们遇到了难以想像的困难，处在饥寒交迫之中，冬,天过后

7、，活下来的移民只剩,50,来人。基于“来者是客,的信念与习俗,印第安人,给这些移民送来了生活必需品,并且教导他们狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等等生存,方法。在印第安人的帮助下，来自欧陆的新移民逐渐习,惯了在当地的生存方式。在欢庆丰收的日子，欧陆新移,民邀请印第安人一同感谢上天的赐予。许多人认为，美,国第一个感恩节就是印第安人与新移民第一次齐聚感谢,上天赐予的那一天,9,Introduction to British and American Culture,今天，在美国人心目中，感恩节是比圣诞节还要重要的,节日。首先，它是一个长达,4,天,的假日，足以使人们尽情,狂欢、庆祝。其次，它也是传统的家

8、庭团聚的日子。感,恩节期间，散居在他乡外地的家人，都要赶回家过节,这已经成了全国性的习俗。此外，美国人一年中最重视,的一餐，就是感恩节的晚宴。在美国这个生活节奏很快,竞争激烈的国度里，平日的饮食极为简单。美国的快,餐流行世界，就是一个很好的说明。但在感恩节的夜晚,家家户户都大办筵席，物品之丰盛，令人咋舌。在节,日的餐桌上，上至总统，下至庶民,火鸡,和,南瓜饼,都是,必备的。这两味“珍品”体现了美国人民忆及先民开拓,艰难、追思第一个感恩节的怀旧情绪。因此，感恩节也,被称为,火鸡节,10,Introduction to British and American Culture,The,Origin

9、,of,Thanks,Giving,Day,In,1620,the,settlers,or,Pilgrims,After,a,two-month,voyage,they,landed,at,in,icy,November,what,is,now,Plymouth,Massachusetts,During,their,first,winter,over,half,of,the,settlers,died,of,starvation,or,epidemics,Those,who,survived,began,sowing,in,the,first,spring,All,summer,long,th

10、ey,waited,for,the,harvests,with,great,anxiety,knowing,that,their,lives,and,the,future,existence,of,the,colony,depended,on,the,coming,harvest,Finally,the,fields,produced,a,yield,rich,beyond,expectations,And,therefore,it,was,decided,that,a,day,of,thanksgiving,to,the,Lord,be,fixed,Years,later,President

11、,of,the,United,States,proclaimed,the,11,Introduction to British and American Culture,fourth,Thursday,of,November,as,Thanksgiving,Day,every,year,The,celebration,of,Thanksgiving,Day,has,been,observed,on,that,date,until,today,The,pattern,of,the,Thanksgiving,celebration,has,never,changed,through,the,yea

12、rs,The,big,family,dinner,is,planned,months,ahead,On,the,dinner,table,people,will,find,apples,oranges,walnuts,and,grapes,There,will,be,plum,pudding,mince,pie,other,varieties,of,food,and,cranberry,juice,and,squash,The,best,and,most,attractive,among,them,are,roast,turkey,and,pumpkin,pie,They,have,been,

13、the,most,traditional,and,favorite,food,on,Thanksgiving,Day,throughout,the,years,12,Introduction to British and American Culture,The Founding of the Thirteen,Colonies,During the first 150 years, the British,colonies in North America became a,melting pot,By the early 1760s, English settlers had,establ

14、ished 13 colonies along the Atlantic,coast,Introduction to British and American Culture,13,Introduction to British and American Culture,The Birth of,the United States,The Conflict between Britain and the,American Colonists,The War of Independence,Introduction to British and American Culture,14,2020/

15、4/26,The Conflict between Britain and the,American Colonists,Background,The British government started imposing new,taxes on sugar, coffee and textiles,纺织业,They passed many laws such as the Quartering,Act,驻军法案,and the Stamp Act,印花税法,Introduction to British and American Culture,15,2020/4/26,Boston Te

16、a Party,波士顿倾茶事件,Background,In 1773, British government passed a new law,the Tea Act,茶叶法,Slogan,No taxation without representation,没有代表权，就不得征税,是独立战争期间,北美殖民地人民喊出的最为响亮的口号。这句,口号原本是英国政治的基本原则，在英国贵族,与,王室,的斗争中使用过，但独立战争期间被,殖,民者,用来捍卫自己的权利,Introduction to British and American Culture,16,2020/4/26,Boston Tea Pa

17、rty,波士顿倾茶事件,Background,In 1773, British government passed a new law,the Tea Act,茶叶法,Slogan,No taxation without representation,Introduction to British and American Culture,17,2020/4/26,Boston Tea Party,波士顿倾茶事件,Time,December 16, 1773,Event,A group of Americans threw 342 boxes of tea into,Boston Harbor

18、,波士顿港,波士顿倾茶事件,Boston Tea Party,英国议会大怒，通过一系列被殖民地视为不可容忍的,法令。英王对北美人民反抗的血腥镇压，使殖民地,人民与,英国王室,和解的幻想彻底破灭，“要求独立,成为北美殖民地人民的普遍呼声,Introduction to British and American Culture,18,2020/4/26,The War of Independence,Time,1775,1783,Result,The British soldiers were forced to surrender,Consequences,George Washington b

19、ecame the first,President,The 4,th,of July became the national holiday of,America,the Independence Day,Introduction to British and American Culture,19,Introduction to British and,American Culture,The Declaration of Independence,独立宣言,On,July 4, 1776,the Second Continental Congress,officially declared

20、 independence and,formed the,United States of America,by adopting the,Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas,Jefferson,托马斯,杰斐逊,of Virginia,维吉尼亚,Thomas Jefferson,an American Founding Father, the principal author,of the Declaration of Independence,美利坚合众国第三任总统,1801,年,1809,年,20,Introduction to B

21、ritish and,American Culture,The Declaration of Independence,独立宣言,July 4 is celebrated as the nations birthday,The 4,th,of July became the national holiday of,America,the Independence Day,21,Introduction to British and,American Culture,The War of Independence,Complete a Timeline,1763,The,French,and,I

22、ndian,War,ended,1773,_,1774,The,First,Continental,Congress,大陆会议,1775,_,1776,_,1783,_,Boston Tea Party/Tea Act,The War of Independence began,Declaration of Independence was adopted,The War of Independence ended,Introduction to British and American Culture,22,Introduction to British and,American Cultu

23、re,The Founding of a New Nation,美利坚合众国宪法,The Constitution of the,United States,又称为美国宪法,U.S,Constitution,。美国宪法是世界上第一部成文,宪法,1787,年,5,月，美国各州（当时为,13,个）代表,在费城,Philadelphia,召开制宪会议，同年,9,月,15,日制宪会议通过美利坚合众国宪法,1789,年,3,月,4,日，该宪法正式生效。后又附加了,27,条宪法修,正案。依据第一部宪法,乔治,华盛顿,被选举为美,国第一任总统,23,Introduction to British and,A

24、merican Culture,美国宪法的序言,Preamble,只有一句话，由,52,个单词构成,We the People of the United States, in Order to,form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,insure,domestic Tranquility,provide for the,common,defence,promote the general,Welfare,and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves,and our,Posterity,do,

25、ordain,and establish this,Constitution for the United States of America,24,Introduction to British and,American Culture,我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的,联盟，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提,供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我,们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为,美利坚合众国制定本宪法。,25,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Westward Expansion,Manifest,Destiny,西进运动,1. The hard

26、ship of early pioneer settlers,Oregon,Trail,俄勒冈小道,The trip on foot took four to six months,26,Introduction to British and,American Culture,昭昭天命（英语,Manifest Destiny,，为惯用,措词，表达美国凭借天命，散播民主自由的信念,昭昭天命的拥护者们认为美国在领土和影响力,上的扩张不仅明显,Manifest,，且本诸不可违,逆之天数,Destiny,。昭昭天命最初为十九世纪,时的政治警句,catch phrase,，后来成为标准,的历史名辞，意义

27、通常等于美国横贯北美洲，直,达太平洋的领土扩张,27,Introduction to British and,American Culture,西进运动,Westward Movement,是美国人民由北,美东部向西部地区开发、移居的过程。它始自美国建,国后，当初移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉，进入密西西比,河以东地区，从,19,世纪,20,年代起，移民开始越过密西,西比河，进入美国新扩张的地区,40,年代，加利福尼,亚发现金矿，形成移民的“加利福尼亚热,1857,年,第一次世界性经济危机,发生，美国东部地区大批工人,面临失业，大量饥民在全国流浪，许多人满怀对土地,的渴望涌向西部,1862,年,林肯,

28、政府颁布了,宅地法,将西进运动推向新高潮,19,世纪末,20,世纪初，西,进运动结束,28,Introduction to British and,American Culture,运动本质,是一个不断向西部移民、扩张领土的,过程,是一个经济开发过程,是美国工业革命所独具的特点,是美国人民艰苦创业的过程,也是驱杀土著居民印第安人的运动,29,Introduction to British and,American Culture,大地雄心,Far and Away,汤姆克鲁斯和妮可基德曼主演,30,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Cal

29、ifornia Gold Rush,加州淘金者,People traveled to California in the search,for quick rich. The number of westward,migrants multiplied,31,Introduction to British and,American Culture,The American Civil War,南北战争,Northern vs. Southern,Abraham Lincoln,Introduction to British and American Culture,32,2020/4/26,N

30、orthern vs. Southern,Three significant conflicts between,the North and South of America,The slave problem,Different economic interests,The political conflict,Major issue,Slavery,Introduction to British and American Culture,33,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Northern vs. Southern,The Sou

31、thern,states,Claimed for,themselves the,Confederate States,or the Confederacy,Slavery,continued,The Northern,States,Fought to maintain the,Union,Called the Union,States,Slavery had been,abolished,Introduction to British and American Culture,34,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Northern vs

32、. Southern,Issues,Southern,States,Northern,States,Economy,Plantations,_center,Slavery,_,Abolished,Political power,More powerful,_,powerful,Support,The Confederacy,_,Manufacturing,Continued,Less,The Union,Introduction to British and American Culture,35,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Abr

33、aham Lincoln,March 1861,took the office of the,president,April 12, 1861-the Civil War began,September 22, 1862,issued the,Emancipation,Proclamation,解放宣言,which granted freedom to about 4 million slaves,Made a famous speech in Gettysburg,葛底斯堡,Gettysburg Adress,Introduction to British and American Cult

34、ure,36,Introduction to British and,American Culture,The Civil War,on April 9, 1865,The Civil War officially ended with the,unconditional surrender of the South,Consequence,It resolved two fundamental issues,Slavery was completely abolished,America became a single and stronger nation,Introduction to

35、British and American Culture,37,Introduction to British and,American Culture,参战方,美利坚合众国（联邦即北方,美利坚联盟国（邦联即,南方,指挥官,亚伯拉罕林肯,杰佛逊戴维斯,尤里西斯格兰特,罗伯特李,兵力,2,200,000,人,1,064,000,人,伤亡,总死亡人数,360,000,人,总死亡人,258,000,人,110,000,人阵亡,作战死亡,93,000,人阵亡,作战死亡,275,200,人受伤,137,000,人受伤,38,Introduction to British and,American Cul

36、ture,与南北战争相关的电影,汤姆叔叔的小屋,冷山,美国往事,乱世佳人,荒野之战,与魔鬼共骑,盖茨堡之役,美国战火,众神与将军,39,Introduction to British and,American Culture,The Great Depression,In October 1929, the,stock market crashed,marketing the beginning,of the Great Depression,During this time, the,United States,experienced deflation,unemployment soare

37、d,from 3% in 1929 to 25,in 1933, and,manufacturing output,collapsed by one-third,Dorothea Langes,Migrant Mother,depicts,destitute pea pickers in,California,40,Introduction to British and,American Culture,41,Introduction to British and,American Culture,Franklin Roosevelt and the New,Deal,罗斯福新政,First

38、of all, let me assert my firm belief that,the only thing we have to fear is fear itself,nameless, unreasoning, unjustified,terror which paralyzes needed efforts to,convert retreat into advance.,42,Introduction to British and,American Culture,1. the Early Phases of the New Deal,To bring immediate rel

39、ief to those who were suffering,Public Works Administration,Civil Works Administration,To bring the economy back to prosperity,Agricultural Adjustment Administration,To put safeguards in place so that the same situation,would not occur again,Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation,2. The Second New De

40、al,3.The New Deal did not pull the nation out of the Great,Depression However, it did substantially improve the,lives of millions of people for both the short term,and the long term. The programs of the New Deal,would help stabilize the country and bring hope to,millions,43,Introduction to British a

41、nd,American Culture,America in World War II,Isolationism and Neutrality,Immediate Cause of Americas entrance into WWII,the,Japanese raid on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in,Hawaii on December 7, 1941,在美国波士顿,犹太人大屠杀纪念碑上,In Germany, they first came for the Communists,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Communist,Then they came for the Jews,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew,Then they came for the trade unionists,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist,Then they came for the Catholics,and I didnt speak up because I was a Protes