middle-English(中时期英语演变)ppt课件

1、Middle English,11501500,刘宇林 17 数院,Three distinct periods,the Norman invasion （诺曼征服） -Ascendance（支配） of English -Triumph（凯旋）,period of Chaucer（乔叟，第一位英国诗人,Norman Conquest (until 1204,The most cataclysmic（重大变动） event in the history of English. French invasion(politically and linguistically,Ascendance o

2、f English(1204-1348,Norman-French lost status-mocked by Parisian French speakers Crusades brought speakers of various English dialects together. note：crusade 十字军东征,Triumph(1348-1509,Black Death:lower class English speakers gained economic clout. Hunderd Years War with France:all French holdings lost

3、. note：Black Death黑死病（14 世纪蔓延欧亚两洲的鼠疫,Result,English supplanted（代替） French - but with a massive influx（大量汇集） of French vocabulary,After knowing these,lets talk about the Phonological（音韵学） processes during the Middle English,1.Homorganic lengthening,Vowels were lengthened before /ld/, /mb/, /nd/, /rd/

4、, probably also /, /rl/, /rn/, when not followed by a third consonant or two consonants and two syllables. 当/ld/, /mb/, /nd/, /rd/,/, /rl/, /rn/后面没有跟着第三个辅音 或者 两个辅音和两个音节时，他们前面的元音要延长读音,note：vowel元音 syllable音节 consonant辅音 Homorganic 发音部位相同的,e.g.(remnants（残留） in todays English) child /tald/ children /tl

5、drn/ old /ld/(BrE) alderman /ldmn,This probably occurred around AD 1000. Later on, many of these vowels were shortened again; but evidence from the Ormulum shows that this lengthening was once quite general. note：The Ormulum is a twelfth-century work of biblical exegesis（注释）, written by a monk（僧人） n

6、amed Orm and consisting of just under 19,000 lines of early Middle English verse.（诗,2.stressed vowel changes,(from Old English /, /) and / became / and /, respectively. / (from Old English /, /) and / merged(合并） into /a/. New diphthongs（双元音） formed from vowels followed by /w/ or /j/. note:stressed 重

7、读 attention：differ from todays diphthongs and vowels,3.Trisyllabic laxing(松,define:Shortening of stressed vowels when two syllables followed. 当后面跟着两个音节的时候，前面的元音缩短。 note： tri-三的 trisyllabic三音节的,e.g.(remnants in todays English) south /sa/ southern /s()n/ divine(神圣) /dvan/ divinity /dvnt/ This results in pronunciation variants（变异） in Modern English,4.Reduction and loss,Some unstressed vowels merged into /.Starting around 1400 AD, / is lost in final syllables. Some consonant were lost in some syllables,e.g.(remnants in todays English) /sw/- /s/ sword /sd/ /mb/ - /m/ lamb /lm/ This can