新托福IBT词汇分类突破

1、UNIT001 Basic building materials include: timber, mud, stone, marble, brick, tile, steel, and cement concrete. Masonry walls are built with stones or bricks, cohered through the use of mortar, first composed of lime and sand. The profusion of aluminum and its anodized coating provided cladding mater

2、ial that is lightweight and virtually maintenance free. Glass was known in prehistory and is celebrated for its contributions to Gothic architecture.Vocabulary:1. timber2. marble3. tile4. cement5. masonry wall6. cohere7. mortar8. lime9. profusion10. aluminum11. anodized coating12. cladding13. celebr

3、ated14. Gothic15. architectureUNIT002Two basic approaches to spanning over masonry walls are post-and-lintel construction and arch, vault, and dome construction.Vocabulary:1. span2. post-and-lintel3. arch4. vault5. domeUNIT003The Chicago architect Louis Sullivans career converges with the so-called

4、Chicago School of Architects, whose challenge was to invent the skyscraper or high-rise building, facilitated by the introduction of the electric elevator and the abundance of steel. The buildings skeleton could be erected quickly and the remaining components hung on it to complete it, an immense ad

5、vantage for high-rise buildings on busy city street.Vocabulary:1. architect2. converge3. school4. skyscraper5. facilitate6. electric elevator7. abundance8. skeleton9. erect10. component11. immenseUNIT004Interior design of apartments and houses, that is, dwellings, usually involve both practical and

6、aesthetic decisions. Choices have to be made for almost every element, ceilings and lamps, curtains and blinds, corridor and doorway, niches and ledges, grate and ventilations, terraces and staircases, even sewers or drainers. Sometimes such designs are extended to be the faade of the building, and

7、even to a fountain, or a gardening yard. 1. interior design2. dwelling3. involve4. aesthetic5. ceiling6. lamp7. curtain8. blind9. corridor10. doorway11. niche12. ledge13. grate14. ventilation15. terrace16. staircase17. sewer18. drainer19. faade20. fountain21. yardUNIT005The lease is a contract of re

8、nt under which one party, called landlord or lessor, grants possession and use of the property for a limited term to the other party, who is called tenant or lessee.1. lease2. rent3. landlord4. lessor5. grant6. possession7. property8. tenant9. lesseeUNIT006A big city, or a metropolis, is often accom

9、panied by suburbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban sprawl, creating large amount of business commuters. Once a city sprawls far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.1. metropolis2. suburb3. be associated with4. metr

10、opolitan5. urban6. sprawl7. commuter8. deem9. conurbation10. megalopolisUNIT007Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes, either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease, which include human and animal feces, solid wastes, dome

11、stic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), etc. hygienic means of prevention can be practiced by using simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or by personal hygiene practices.1. sanitation2. hygienic3. microbiological 4. agent5. feces6. domestic7. sullage8. greywater9. latrine10. sept

12、ic tank11. personal hygiene practiceUNIT008A public utility (usually just utility) is a company that maintains and provides the infrastructure for a public service. Although utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned, they often involve natural monopolies.1. public utility2. infrastructure3.

13、 privately owned4. publicly owned5. monopolyUNIT009The field of transport has several aspects, infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (suc

14、h as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). Vehicles traveling on the networks include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains and aircrafts. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on the network, and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environme

15、nt (laws, codes, regulations, etc.). Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of the operations. 1. vehicle2. operation3. canal4. pipeline5. node6. terminal7. seaport8. law9. code10. regulation11. toll12. gasolineUNIT010Rail

16、 transport is the conveyance of passengers and goods by means of wheeled vehicles specially designed to run along railway or railroads. Typical railway tracks consist of two parallel rails, normally made of steel, secured to crossbeams, termed ties. The ties maintain constant distance between the tw

17、o rails, a measurement known as “gauge” of the track. To maintain the alignment of the track, it is either laid on a bed of ballast or else secured to a solid concrete foundation. Rail transport is an energy-efficient and capital-intensive component of logistics, in contrast, a traditional wagon can

18、 carry no more than several tons of freight. 1. rail transport2. conveyance3. by means of 4. consist of 5. secure to6. crossbeam7. tie8. gauge9. alignment10. ballast11. concrete12. energy-efficient13. capital-intensive14. logistics15. wagon16. freightUNIT011Developments in technology have eroded som

19、e of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricity retailing, telecommunication and postal service have become competitive in some countries, and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation and privatization of public utilities is

20、growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic.1. erode2. retailing3. postal service4. competitive5. trend6. liberalization7. deregulation8. privatization9. infrastructure10. distribute11. monopolisticUNIT012An aspiring

21、 master would have to pass through the career chain from apprentice to journeyman before he/she could be elected to become a master craftsman. He/She would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he/she could actually join the guide.1. aspiring2. mater3. pass through4. apprentic

22、e5. journeyman6. masterpiece7. actually8. guideUNIT013A craftsperson who perhaps has at first sold craft items only to friends or at local bazaars may find that increased demand leads to a wider clientele and sales by rail order, at craft fairs, or through a shop.1. craft2. bazaar3. clientele4. fair

23、UNIT014There is a fine line of distinction between crafts produced by amateur hobbyists for their personal satisfactions and those made by gifted artisans with a view toward the use and enjoyment of others.1. fine2. distinction3. amateur hobbyist4. artisanUNIT015Fabric weaving involves interlacing w

24、arp and weft. The yarn threads of warp are arranged parallel to one another and held in tension on a loom, while the single thread wefts pass over or under the warp threads to create a solid or patterned piece of cloths. To create larger pieces, a treadle loom is usually needed.1. fabric weaving2. i

25、nvolve3. interlace4. warp5. weft6. yarn thread7. parallel8. tension9. loom10. solid11. treadle loomUNIT016Basketry is the craft of making baskets and bags, mats, rugs, and other items through weaving, plaiting, and coiling techniques, using materials such as reed, cane, rush, sisal, fiber, ash-wood

26、splints, and ropes twisted from strands of hemp.1. basketry2. mat3. rug4. plait5. coil6. reed7. cane8. rush9. sisal10. fiber11. ash-wood12. splint13. twist14. strand15. hempUNIT017In ornamental knotting, cotton, linen, or jute cord is used to make bags, wall hangings, and containers.1. ornamental2. knotting3. cotton4. linen5. jute cord6. wall hangingUNIT018In quilting, three layers of fabric (a decorative top layer, filler, and a liner) are stitched or tied together. 1. quilt2. quilting3. layer4.