数控技术专业英语(第2版)：Unit 11 Industrial Robots

1、Unit 11,Dialogue Text Supplementary Reading Translating skills11,Dialogue,Topic introduction: Tom and Mary are now visiting an industrial robot show in a university. A young girl named Marcy is in charge of showing the visitors around. Marcy: Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to our industrial robot sho

2、w. Im Marcy Margaret. My job is to show you around. You can ask me about anything you do not understand. Mary: How interesting to see so many kinds of robots here. Excuse me, Marcy, but I wonder why these robots do not look like nor behave like human beings,下一页,返回,Dialogue,Marcy: Ah, I see. The poin

3、t here is that what we show you are not other kinds of robots but industrial ones. We neednt make them look like us humans. Mary: well, I understand. Now could you tell us what these industrial robots can do for us? Marcy: Sure. These robots can do many things for us. They can help us, for example,

4、to handle materials, spray paint, rescue people from the fire, and even help to explore deep oceans and outer-space. Tom: Uh, how great robots are! But what makes robots able to work for us so marvelously,下一页,上一页,返回,Dialogue,Marcy: Its nothing else but the computer programs. Robots are a programmabl

5、e mechanical manipulator. Being programmed with human instructions, they can move along several directions and do factory work usually done by human beings. Mary: Oh, thats wonderful. But whats the difference between robot and my handy calculator or my home washing machine, now that all of them belo

6、ng to some reprogrammable mechanical manipulator. Marcy: Okay, its a clever question. But I think, here you mix a robot with an ordinary,下一页,上一页,返回,Dialogue,washing machine because you forget a robot can do s stand-alone operation, that is, rather independent jobs, while a washing machine cant. So,

7、when we talk about industrial robots, we mean a machine or device, which is something reprogrammable with its own end effector, which can perform a factory duty in a stand-alone manner. Tom: Oh, I see. I guess, my automatic watch and my home washing machine cannot play chess with me while a robot ca

8、n. Marcy： thats right. Youre a clever boy, I see,上一页,返回,Text,Industrial Robots Industrial robots are beginning now to revolutionize industry. These robots do not look or behave like human beings, but they do the work of humans. Robots are particularly useful in a wide variety of applications, such a

9、s material handling, spray painting, spot welding, arch welding, inspection, and assembly, current research efforts focus on creating a “smart” robot that can “see”, “hear”, and “touch” and consequently make decisions.1,下一页,返回,Text,The technology of robots is related to, but differs somewhat from, N

10、C technology in that robots effect higher velocity and movement in more axes of motions. While with NC only a point, namely the endpoint of the cutter, is controlled in the space, with robots both the endpoint and orientation are manipulated. This requires more degrees of freedom, more powerful soft

11、ware, and more effective control algorithms,下一页,上一页,返回,Text,Basic concepts in robotics The industrial robot is a programmable mechanical manipulator, capable of moving along several directions, equipped at its end with a device called the end-effector, and performs factory work ordinarily done by hu

12、man beings. The term robot is used for a manipulator that has a built-in control system and is capable of stand-alone operation. We Websters dictionary defines a robot as “any mechanical device operated automatically to perform in a seemingly human way”. By this definition, a garage door opener, whi

13、ch automatically opens the door by remote control is also a robot,下一页,上一页,返回,Text,Obviously this is not an industrial robot. The Robot institute of America (RIA) defines the industrial robot as “a reprogrammable multi-functional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or other specializ

14、ed devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” By this definition, however, a washing machine is also a robot. The wash and rinse cycles are programmable and the machine moves material in rotary motions. Therefore, a definition of an industrial robot must

15、include the following key words: programmable manipulator, end-effector, factory work, and stand-alone operation,下一页,上一页,返回,Text,If one or more of these key words is missing, then washing machines, traffic lights, special purpose mechanisms and manufacturing machines for mass production are defined

16、as robots as well, and this is not our intention.2 In general, the structure of a robot manipulator is composed of a mainframe and a wrist at its end. The main frame is frequently denoted as the arm, and the most distal group of joints affecting the motion of the end-effector is referred to collecti

17、vely as the wrist. This typical structure is shown in Fig. 1,下一页,上一页,返回,Fig. 1,返回,Fig. 1 A typical robot arm,Text,The end-effector can be a welding head, a spray gun, a machining tool, or a gripper containing on-off jaws,3 depending upon the specific application of the robot. Each of these devices i

18、s mounted at the end of the robot and performs the work, and therefore is also denoted as the robot tool,上一页,返回,Notes,11. Current research efforts focus on creating a “smart” robot that can “see”, “hear”, and “touch” and consequently make decisions. 本句的意思是：现行研究主要集中在建造能“看”、能“听”、能“触摸”的“聪明的”机器人。此处的“sma

19、rt”（聪明的）robot指的是我们通常所说的“智能型机器人,返回,Notes,2. If one or more of these key words is missing, then washing machines, traffic lights, special purpose mechanisms and manufacturing machines for mass production are defined as robots as well, and this is not our intention: 本句是对韦伯斯特词典（Websters dictionary）有关机器人

20、定义的反驳，意思是：如果一个或多个关键词被省略，那么洗衣机、红绿灯、专用机床等都可以叫做机器人，这却不是我们的本意所在,返回,Notes,3. Gripper containing on-off jaws: 上面装有抓放机构的钳爪,返回,Supplementary Reading,The Meaning of Quality Asked “what is quality?” one of our students replied, “getting what you pay for.” Another student added that, to her, quality was “getti

21、ng more than you paid for!” the Oxford American Dictionary defines quality as “a degree or level of excellence”. The “official” definition of quality by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality control (ASQC) is “the totality of features and characteristi

22、cs of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs.,下一页,返回,Supplementary Reading,Obviously quality can be defined in many ways, depending on who is defining it and to what product or service it is related. Quality from the Consumers Perspective A business organization produc

23、es goods and services to meet its customers needs. Quality is rapidly becoming a major factor in a customers choice for products and service. Customers now perceive that certain companies produce better-quality products than others, and they but accordingly. That means a firm must consider how the c

24、onsumer defines quality,下一页,上一页,返回,Supplementary Reading,The consumer can be a manufacturer purchasing raw materials or parts, a store owner or retailer purchasing products to sell, or someone who purchases retail products or services. Since consumers have different product needs, they will have dif

25、ferent quality expectations. This results in a commonly used definition of quality as a services or products fitness for its intended use, or fitness for use. How well does it do what the consumer or user thinks it is supposed to do and wants it to do? The dimensions of quality primarily for manufac

26、tured products a consumer looks for in a product include the following,下一页,上一页,返回,Supplementary Reading,1. performance: the basic operating characteristics of a product, for example, how well a car handles or its gas mileage. Features: the “extra” items added to the basic features, such as 2. a ster

27、eo CD or a leather interior in a car. 3. reliability: the probability that a product will operate property within an expected time frame, that is, a TV will work without repair for about seven years. 4.Conformance: the degree to which a product meets reestablished standards. Durability: How long the

28、 product lasts, its life span before replacement. A pair of L.L Bean boots, with care, might be expected to last a lifetime,下一页,上一页,返回,Supplementary Reading,Serviceability: the ease of getting repairs, the speed of repairs, and the courtesy and competence of the repair person. Aesthetics: How a prod

29、uct looks, feels, sounds, smells, or tastes. 8. safety: Assurance that the customer will not suffer injury or harm from a product, and especially important consideration for automobiles. 9. Other perceptions: Subjective perceptions based on brand name. advertising, and the like,上一页,返回,Translating sk

30、ills11,长句的译法 由于英汉两种语言存在表达方式上的差异，一般来说，英语句子长，汉语句子短。书面语言与口语不同，前者多用长句，后者多用短句。因此，大量使用很长句结构是英语科技文章的特点之一。科技文章属于严肃的书面语体，崇尚严谨周密，逻辑性强，要求层次分明，重点突出。翻译时为了能体现出作者的意图，准确传递信息，掌握一定的翻译技巧，处理好长句的译法，显得十分重要。 英语中大量使用后置定语、各种短句和复杂的包孕结构（complex embedding），形成长句结构。显然，英语的一句话可以表达好几层意思，而汉语习惯用一个短句表达一层意思，一般几层意思要通过几个短句来表达,下一页,返回,Tran

31、slating skills11,由此可见，将英语译成汉语时，有必要采用拆句译法以，即将原句拆散，变更原句的语句顺序，再按汉语的表达习惯重新组句。 翻译是一种再创作的活动，原文结构各异，译文的处理方法自然也不尽相同。但在拆译长句时，有些基本的原则应该遵守。 首先要分清层次，突出重点。由于英语科技文章中的长句往往表达好几层意思，动笔之初，必须弄清共有几个层次，主次何在，继而抓住中心层次，捕捉主要信息。英语习惯将传递主要信息的主句前置，后接若干含有次要信息的分句；汉语在词语顺序上的排列规律一般是由小到大，由远及近，层层递进，画龙点晴，即重点内容后置。但也不是千篇一律，具体情况应具体分析,下一页,上

32、一页,返回,Translating skills11,其次要逻辑严密，前后呼应。英语长句结构复杂，借助语法关系及逻辑承接语（logical connectors）使前后衔接，相互呼应，使复杂的概念能按逻辑顺序精确地表达出来。译成汉语时，形成若干个短句，加之顺序变动，词性转换，正反表达等诸因素，如处理不当，就会失去原文的逻辑性，甚至违背作者的原意。因此，力求译文的逻辑严密性至关重要。 拆译长句时常见的处理方法有化整为零型的分译法、纲举目张型的变序法及逆流而上型的逆序法。此外，某些长句也可能根据原文的顺序保持不变，一气呵成，依次译出,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,

33、1 分译法 原句包含多层意思，而汉语习惯一个短句表达一层意思。为了使行文简洁，将整个长句译成几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，保持前后的连贯。 Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity taking in raw materials and producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatmen

34、t, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers. 初译通常在炼铁的地方就炼钢，所以现代炼钢厂从运进原材料，到生产供送往其他工厂进一步加工处理，并制成如工字钢及其他商品钢材的成品，而形成一整套的联合企业,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,这种译文读起来令人感到佶屈聱牙，看起来概念不清。究其原因，囿于英语结构形式，忽略了汉语自身的规律。试将原文拆散为三个独立的短句译成汉语。Steel is smelted为第一短句；so thatsteel为第二短句，both forconsumers为第三

35、短句。原文通过bothand连接两个介词短语在译文中可扩展成句子。 改译通常炼铁的地方也炼钢。因此，现代炼钢厂是一个配套的整体，从运进原料到生产各种类型的铸铁与钢材；有的送往其他工厂进一步加工处理，有的就制成成品，如工字钢及其他的一些成材,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,This classification includes all metal-cutting machinery, the action of which is a progressive cutting away of surplus stocka gradual reduction in s

36、ize until the finished dimensions are reachedbut excludes sheet metal working machinery and metal-forming and forging machines. 初译这类机器包括其作用是连续切去多余的备料的所有金属切削机床尺寸逐渐缩小直至符合规定的大小但不包括金属板加工机，金属成形机与锻压机。 译文的败笔仍旧是拘泥于原文的结构，既冗长累赘，又含糊不清，试拆译成三短句，可收简洁明了之效,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,改译这类机器包括所有的金属切削机床。其作用在于能连续切

37、削多余的备料，即尺寸逐渐缩小，直到符合规定的大小。但这类机器不包括金属板加工机、金属成形机和锻压机。 The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. 初译一个结构物受到的荷载可分为包括该结构物各部分重量的静载和由于人及可移动设备等的

38、重量引起的荷载。 从理解原文的角度看，译文传达了原意，符合“信”的原则。但由于汉语习惯用短句，这46个字的长句很难一气读完，有欠“达、雅”。如采用化整为零的分译法，则可收醒目易读之效,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,改译一个结构物受到的荷载可分为静载与活载两类。静载包括该结构物各部分的重量。活载则是由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的荷载。 II变序法 原句结构复杂，可按汉语由远及近的顺序从中间断句，层层展开，最后画龙点睛，突出主题。 An “alloy” steel is one which, in addition to the contents of car

39、bon, sulphur and phosphorus, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 per cent of silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,初译合金钢是一种钢。除掉碳、硫、磷以外，还含有1%多的锰或0.3%多的硅，或者一些碳素钢中不包括的其他元素。 以上译文采用了分译法。但“合金钢是一种钢”这句话毫无价值。没有再现作者的

40、原意。而且与后半部分脱节，失去逻辑上的严密性。试从in addition to译起，最后回到句首，展示主要信息，既可衔接紧密，又能突出主题。 改译如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，还含有1%多的锰或0.3%多的硅，或者一些碳素钢中不包含的其他元素，那么这种钢便是“合金钢,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,The reason that neutral body is attracted by a charged body is that, although the neutral body is neutral within itself, it is not ne

41、utral with respect to the charged body, and the two bodies act as if oppositely charged when brought near each other 初译中性物体被带电物体吸引的原因在于，虽然中性物体本身是不带电的，但对带电体来说，它不是中性。当这两个物体彼此接近时，就会产生带有相反电荷的作用。 上述译文不恰当地采用了顺序分译法，以致译文内部衔接松弛，破坏了作者所提出的概念的完整性。从although到句尾，都是说明“中性物体被带电体吸引的原因”，这一整体不容分割。试从although引导的让步状语从句入手，将

42、原文中前置的主要信息在译文中后置，画龙点睛,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,改译虽然中性物体本身不带电，但对于带电体来说，它并非中性；当这两个彼此接近时，就会产生极性相反的电荷作用。这就是中性物体被带电体吸引的原因。 Is it possible, thought Becquerel, turning over in his hands the ampoule with the suspected material, that this substance, spontaneously and without any previous excitation, e

43、mits some invisible, highly penetrating radiation that can pass without difficulty through the cover of the box and the black paper and affect the photographic emulsion,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,初译贝克勒尔摆弄着手中装有可疑物质的小瓶子，他想：这种物质会不会自然地、毫无事先激发地射出某种肉眼年不见但穿透力很强的射线呢？这种射线能够轻易地穿透盒子的外壳及黑纸与感光乳剂发生作用。 译文采用了分

44、译法。这种技巧在翻译长句时是常见的，但本句系疑问句，分译后显得上下文结构松弛。最好变更词序，译成一个问句。 改译贝克勒尔摆弄着手中装有可疑物质的小瓶子，他想，这种物质能否自然地、未经事先激发就发射出某种肉眼看不见但穿透力很强、能轻易地穿透盒子的外壳及黑纸与感光乳剂发生作用的射线呢,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,III逆序法 由于英语惯用前置性陈述，先果后因。而汉语相反，一般先因后果，层层递进，最后综合，点出主题。处理这类句子，宜先译全句的后部，再依次向前，逆序译出。 The construction of such a satellite is now bel

45、ieved to be quite realizable, its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science, which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed, but new technological processes as well. 初译制造这样的人造卫星被确信是

46、可能的，因为可以依靠现代科学的一切成就。这些成就不仅提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺过程,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,原文由三部分构成：主句，作原因状语的分词独立结构，修饰独立结构的定语从句。根据汉语词序，状语特别是原因状语在先，定语前置，故从which入手，再译出its realization，最后才译出 The constructionrealizable。 改译现代科学的一切成就不仅提供了能够承受高温高压的材料，而且也提供了新的工艺过程。依靠现代科学的这些成就，我们相信完全可以制造出这样的人造卫星。 The resistance of

47、 any length of a conducting wire is easily measured by finding the potential difference on volts between its ends when a known current is flowing. 初译如能求出电流流动时导线两端以伏特为单位的电位差，则任何长度的导线的电阻便可容易地测出,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,译文不妥之处在于未能充分考虑汉语的词序，known未译出，in volts完全直译，easily未按正反表达遣词。改译如下： 改译已知导线中的电流，只要

48、求出导线两端电位差的伏特数，就不难测出任何长度的导线的电阻。 In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science is again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago-although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. 初译事实上，各学科之间的分界线变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”虽然现在积累起来的知识比以往多得多，而且任何个人也只可望了解其中的一小部分,下一页,上一页,返回,Translating skills11,翻译一是要传达原旨，二是要符合汉语的习惯。上述译文虽然达旨，但是把汉语西化了。翻译时应遵照汉语习惯，将由although引导的让步状语从句提前，逆序为好。 改译虽然