最新最实用厦门英语文化学习：欧洲文化入门”听课笔记--厦门韦博英语培训提供

1、最新最实用厦门英语文化学习：欧洲文化入门”听课笔记-厦门韦博英语培训提供最新最实用厦门英语文化学习：欧洲文化入门”听课笔记-厦门韦博英语培训提供最新最实用厦门英语文化学习：欧洲文化入门”听课笔记-厦门韦博英语培训提供厦门韦博英语：欧洲文化入门”听课笔记1希腊罗马Homer Author of epicsSappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatistSophocles Tragic dramatistEuripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wr

2、ote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of historyThucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracusethe greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematicsHeracleitue Fire is the primary elementDemocri

3、tus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theorySocrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical methodPlato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made

4、concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometryArchimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and Ill move the World”Others Diogenes (the Cynics) Pyrrhon(the Sceptics) Epicurus (the Epicureans) Zeno (

5、the Stoics)4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th

6、century B.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vul

7、gate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible叫Septuagint3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church反击Moslems，开始了CrusadesCharles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732St. Thomas Aquinas(Scho

8、lasticism)写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy(层次，等级) of society is Gods rule The power of feudal rulers is Gods will Pope is Christs PlenipotentiaryCharlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied v

9、arious ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacularRoger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observationDante(但丁) 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literatureChaucer first modern poet in English literature4.文艺复兴与宗教

10、改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and VeniceBoccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet, father of modern poetry文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspectiveDonatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy

11、Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western WorldPre-Luther Religious ReformersJohn Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the

12、 translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382Jan Hus Czech Religious leaderJohn Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works CalvinismRabelais 拉伯雷 french writerRonsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人 法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田 散文集 French WriterCervantes father of modern European novel

13、spainThomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括 crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy (解剖学) founder of modern medicineAldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father

14、of political science Vosari 1492, Columbus发现了America1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope5. 17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicineKepler Keplers Law (the three laws of plane

15、tary motion)德 国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitationGalileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding: sel

16、f-conscious(自我意识)conscious(意识)unconscious/subconscious (潜意识)他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica， English revolutionBacon Knowledge is power 英国 反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist (knowledge come from experience) Social Contract 英国 认为最好的统治方式是monarchyLocke 政治论 Mat

17、erialist views (ideas derived from sensation or from reflection) Social Contract 英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John MiltonCromwell the man of actionJohn Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and ChaucerDescartes 笛卡尔 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that m

18、odern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in FranceCorneille 高乃依熙得 法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope,

19、 thermometer, barometer, pendulum1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden FrontEast Front of the Louvre英国最著名建筑：St. Pauls Cathedral6.启蒙运动 the age of reason18th century intellectual movement starting from Francethe most important forerunners of the enlightenm

20、ent were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Lockes materialist theory and Newtons theory of gravitationMajor force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes 18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.独立宣言The French Revolution（1789）

21、ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人权宣言French Philosophy and LiteratureMontesquieu Separation of powers 法国启蒙运动的先驱Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenmentDiderot English LiteraturePope spokesman in verse of th

22、e Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体 Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novel Samuel Richardson

23、 The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator, Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章German Literature and PhilosophyLessing German dramastist German classicismGoethe Apprenticeship/Travels the Greatest German PoetsSchiller a founder of modern German lit

24、eratureKant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens reason The Musical EnlightenmentJ.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical EnlightenmentHandel 亨德尔 being his crowning masterpieceBach and Handel showed the world Baroque mus

25、ical architecture at its imposing bestThe Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820Haydn Classical period Viennese schoolMozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music7. 浪漫主义 Romanticismlate 18th

26、 and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in GermanyThe enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolutionNew economic ideas were put forward by Adam Sm

27、ith in his book , which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.Romanticism in GermanyThe Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European RomanticismGoethe combined Romanticism with ClassicismIt was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and StressThe Je

28、na School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and TieckHeine: 海涅在1836年发表，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束Romanticism in EnglandBlake: The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron: is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of li

29、berty and a fierce hatred of tyrannyShelley noted for his lyricsKeats famous for his sonnetsWalter Scott Romanticism in FranceChateaubriand :Victor Hugo: 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的 Cromwell是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说巴黎圣母院悲惨世界宣扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his dayGeorge Sand:法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家Roman

30、ticism in ItalyManzoni: 约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人民为主人公的小说Leopardi: he was the greatest poet of Italy RomanticismRomanticism in RussiaRussia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetryPushkin: 俄国浪漫主义先锋(van) a Byronic character his masterpiece is 创造了俄国文学中的第

31、一个“多余的人“的典型Lermontov: draws a fine portrait of PushkinRomanticism in PolandAdam Mickiewicz: beginning of Polish Romanticism is his masterpieceArt and ArchitectureGoya Spanish painter and etcher(蚀刻家)欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May ChildrenDavid French Painter Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画的最高成就Gericaul

32、t French painterTurner English landscape painterConstable English landscape painterTurner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就Music早期浪漫主义音乐家：Beethoven(贝多芬) German Composer marked the beginning of 19th century programme musicSchubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer Schumann(舒曼)German composerM

33、endelssohn（门德尔松）German composer后期浪漫主义音乐家：Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composerLiszt（里斯特）Hungarian composerWagner（瓦格纳）German composerBrahms（伯拉姆斯）German composerTchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义Marxism and DarwinismThe Three Sources and Three Component Parts of MarxismGerman Classical Philosophy

34、and Marxist Philosophy:Hegelian dialectics黑格尔辩证法Feuerbachs materialism费尔巴哈唯物论Marxist PhilosophyDialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political EconomyCapital is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economicsSurplus

35、value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist classDoctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marxs economic theoryUtopian Socialism and Scientific SocialismRobert Owen: English industrialist and social reformerHenri de Saint-Simon: French social philosop

36、herCharles Fourier: French social philosopher DarwinismAs Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the histor

37、y of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton.Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolutionLamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者）Lyell

38、 English geologistKarl MarxDarwins works and Theories:On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for LifeThe Descent of Man9. 现实主义Realismarise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in FranceRealism in FranceStendhal 司汤达红与

39、黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成熟的作品 巴马修道院Balzac巴尔扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been called the English Balzac Flaubert福楼拜 非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist 包法利夫人Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school鲁贡玛马卡尔家族史Maupassant 莫伯桑 Realism in RussiaGogol果戈里 the first master o

40、f fiction in Russia Chickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisyTurgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the WestDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚卡拉马佐夫兄弟Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰 战争与和平 安娜卡列尼娜 复活Chekhov契诃夫海欧万尼亚舅舅 Sisters三姐妹 樱桃园Realism in Northern EuropeIbsen a plea for the emancipation of woman His

41、plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern dramaStrindberg The above three are his autobiographical works His first play is Realism in EnglandThis period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重Charles Dickens 大卫科波菲尔荒凉山庄 艰难时世其小说展现了广阔的社会

42、生活，真实情节与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合George Eliot(Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME) is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century Thackeray萨克雷 名利场他的写作范围多局限于上流社会Thomas Hardy Mayor of CasterbridgeBernard Shaw萧伯纳 won the Nobel Prize in 1925 Realism in the United StatesHarriet Beecher Stowe:

43、greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoesWalt Whitman: Considered to be the greatest of all American poetsMark Twain: 哈克贝里芬历险记 a masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been considered the first modern American novel 镀金岁月Henry James出身世家，所以关注上层人物 the master beyond all masters 贵妇人画像Art

44、Courbet库尔贝 French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则石工 奥尔南的葬礼Millet米勒 French artist “农民画家”播种者拾穗者Impressionism in Art印象派艺术Manet 草地上的午餐福列斯贝热尔酒吧间Monet 日出印象Post-Impressionism in Art后印象派艺术Paul Cezanne赛尚 Van Gogh凡高 dutch painterPaul Gauguin高更 French painter10. 现代主义及其它思潮Modernism and other trendsalso called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th c