健康和安全最佳惯例

1、健康和安全最佳惯例,FDRA OVERSEAS LABOR PRACTICES 国外劳工惯例,2004 WORKSHOPS 2004年演讨会,Richard Turner Deputy Chief Executive SATRA Technology Centre 副執行長 SATRA 技術中心,Health & Safety : Best Practices 健康和安全:最佳惯例,健康和安全最佳惯例,Todays talk will cover the following four broad areas: 今天谈论的课题将包括以下4方面广泛的内容,Ensuring the goods yo

2、u supply meet customer and legal requirements 确保您提供的货物达到客户和法定的要求 An over-view of restricted substances 违禁品纵览 Factory Safety Issues 工厂安全问题 Demonstration of equipment for shop floor monitoring 车间监测設备的展示,健康和安全最佳惯例,ENSURING GOODS MEET WITH COMPANY OR LEGAL REQUIREMENTS確定商品達到公司或法定的要求,健康和安全最佳惯例,DEVELOPMEN

3、T OF REQUIREMENTS需求的開發,Pressure from NGOs 來自NGOs的壓力 Media scares 傳媒的恐嚇 European directives 歐洲的指令 Member state legislation 會員國(州)的立法,健康和安全最佳惯例,LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS法規的要求,Know your market 認識你的市場 EU tends to be most stringent 歐盟趨向於最嚴格 EU national legislation can exceed EU directives for health and e

4、nvironmental protection 歐盟各國的立法可以超越歐洲指令對於健康和環境 保護的立法 USA varies state to state 美國各州的聲明 Copycat legislation 追隨者的立法,健康和安全最佳惯例,EFFECTS OF NON COMPLIANCE.不符合的影響,Customs restrictions 關稅的限定 Legal action (Not meeting with General Product Safety Regulations or Marketing and Use directive 76/769/EEC) 合法的動作 (

5、不符合一般產品的安全規則或市場和使用指標 76/769/EEC) Bad publicity (NGOs often target brands) 不好的宣傳 (NOGs 通常目標在一些品牌) Rejection by customer 客戶的退貨,健康和安全最佳惯例,WHAT SPECIFICATION ARE YOU WORKING TO?你使用的規範為何?,Your own 你自己的 Specific customer specification 特別客戶的規範 Multiple customers 多數的客戶 Ad hoc 未計畫的 SATRA Guidelines SATRA 的指標

6、,健康和安全最佳惯例,CREATING YOUR OWN SPECIFICATION創立自己的規範,Include all relevant legislation 包括所有相關的立法 Appropriate requirements with respect to product 與相關產品最合適的要求 Mechanisms for review and updating 組織構造的回顧和更新 Mechanism to ensure compliance 確保遵循的結構 Clear procedures 清楚的程序 SATRA can help SATRA 能夠協助,健康和安全最佳惯例,Po

7、licing and controlling a restricted substances policy調查和控制被限用物質的政策,Laboratory reports on raw materials/ finished goods 實驗室對原材料/成品的報告 Certificates of compliance 合格的證書 Check testing 檢查測試 Supplier education 供應商的教育 Auditing and Quality Management 稽核和品質管理,健康和安全最佳惯例,UNDERSTANDING TEST REPORTS明瞭測試報告,Who-Ac

8、credited laboratory (ISO 17025) 誰 - 認證實驗室 (ISO 17025) How-Recognised methods (ISO, EN, BS, SATRA)orFull description of procedure 如何 - 被認知的方法 (ISO, EN, BS, SATRA) 或 對流程的完整描述 How much- Value 價值 多少- Units 單位-Basis 根據-Limit of detection 檢測值的限制 RequirementPass/Fail 要求 通過/失敗,健康和安全最佳惯例,TESTING RESPONSIBILI

9、TIES測試的責任,Downstream testing-final product 下游的測試 - 最終產品 Upstream testing-individual materials 上游的測試 - 個別的材料,健康和安全最佳惯例,DOWNSTREAM TESTING下游的測試,For 針對 Ultimate control 最終的控制 Takes account of contamination during manufacture 斟酌製造過程中的混淆不清 Uniformity 致性 Against 面對 Costs located in one centre 成本放置在一個中心 Mo

10、re difficult to rectify faults 更加困難來修正過失 Separation of components 區別零配件,健康和安全最佳惯例,UPSTREAM TESTING上游的測試,For 針對 Costs spread between suppliers 成本分散在供應商之間 Faults can be highlighted at raw material stage 錯誤能在原材料階段被顯示出來 Ease of testing 測試容易 Against 面對 Non-uniform testing regimes 測試制度不統一 Need for trust 需

11、要信賴 Long paper trail 大量文件的追蹤,健康和安全最佳惯例,CERTIFICATES OF COMPLIANCE合格的證書,Acceptable source (ISO 17025) 可被接受的來源 (ISO 17025) Unambiguous references 明確的參考證明 Dated & valid 日期和有效日期 Reliable & verifiable 可信靠的和可被查證的,健康和安全最佳惯例,CHECK TESTING檢查測試,Depends on size of range and production 依照尺碼的系列和產量的多少 Rolling pro

12、gramme to cover all styles 進行中的計畫來包括所有的款式 As data is gathered and trust develops decrease for proven suppliers possibly increase in areas where problems are highlighted 收集數據並且相信減少被認可之供應商的開發, 或許會 突顯某些部份之問題的產生 Suggested restricted substances/safety testing budget of 0.01% of retail value of total prod

13、uction 建議被限用物質/安全測試的預算約為總產量之零售值的 0.01%,健康和安全最佳惯例,AUDITING 稽核,An independent assessment of a companies management system to show that procedures etc are being followed and that quality of product is consistent and of an appropriate level. It should follow a logical and often process based route throu

14、gh the company. 對公司管理制度的獨立評估來展示流程等有被遵循 , 並且產品的品質穩定和達到適合的水平. 必須遵照一 個合邏輯以及通常性流程為基礎的路線來貫穿全公司. It should be carried out by trained and authorised staff 必須由被訓練過和被授權的職員來進行,健康和安全最佳惯例,AUDITING稽核,Areas of interest include 重要的範圍包括 Raw material suppliers 原材料供應商 Delivery of raw or brought in materials or produc

15、ts. 原材料或入庫材料或產品的交付 Sub contracted work not carried out by the first tier supplier 副契約的工作不由第一列的供應商來進行 The use of chemicals within the production process 製造過程中所使用的化學品,健康和安全最佳惯例,MATERIAL / PRODUCT SOURCING材料 / 產品來源,Known supplier 認識的供應商 Authorised sources 被授權的來源 Restricted substances specification as p

16、art of purchasing procedure 限用物質的規範說明作為採購流程的一部份 Invisible Quality 品質的內在 Supplier should understand and agree penalties for products which do not meet the requirements of the specification 供應商應了解並同意對不符合規格要求之產品的罰金 Education of suppliers do not assume that they understand what it is you are asking for.

17、 教育供應商 不要認為他們了解你要的是什麼,健康和安全最佳惯例,RESTRICTED SUBSTANCES ADMINISTRATION 被限用物質 管理,Writing specification 寫下來的規範說明 Contacting suppliers 聯絡供應商 Auditing suppliers response 審核供應商的回應 Auditing testing laboratories 審核測試實驗室,健康和安全最佳惯例,RESTRICTED SUBSTANCES TRAINING OFERED BY SATRA被限用物質 SATRA 提供的訓練,At SATRA 在 SATR

18、A At your premises 在你的場所 For you 針對你 For your suppliers 針對你的供應商 Roadshows and other SATRA seminars 發表會和其他 SATRA 的研討會 Information on new legislation via SATRA Bulletin, Footwear Business International, SATRA Spotlight and website 透過 SATRA 期刊, 國際鞋業, SATRA Spotlight 等刊物和網頁的新法規資訊,健康和安全最佳惯例,CONCLUSIONS 結

19、 論,Increasing number of restricted substances 逐漸增加的被限用物質 Large retailers will usually have specifications 多數的零售商將一如往常有規範說明書 To demonstrate compliance test reports should be produced 應該出具符合遵循標準的測試報告 Testing usually passed up the supply chain to material and component suppliers 測試通常通過供應鏈到材料和零配件供應商 Ver

20、ify with random check testing 隨機抽樣測試來確認 Keep up to date 保持最新的消息 SATRA CAN HELP SATRA 能夠協助,健康和安全最佳惯例,An Introduction to Restricted Substances (限用物質介紹) What substances are restricted(被限用之物質有哪些) Where are they found(何處含有限用物質) Why they are restricted health and environmental effects(為何這些物質被限用 健康與環境的影響)

21、Applicable legislation(引用的法令) Analysing for Restricted Substances(限用物質的分析) Techniques and test methods(分析技術與測試方法) ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH COMPANY SPECIFICATIONS(依照公司之規格) Material Sourcing(材料來源) Introduction to Specifications(規格書介紹) Testing & Due Diligence(測試及任務) Frequency of tests(測試的頻率) Certificat

22、es of compliance(認證) Understanding test reports(瞭解測試報告) Auditing, Documentation & Traceability(稽核、文件與可追溯性) SATRA services(SATRA提供的服務) Questions & Close(問題討論與研討會結果),An Introduction to Restricted Substances (限用物質介紹),健康和安全最佳惯例,RESTRICTED SUBSTANCES,What, Where, How and Why,(被限用的物質),(有哪些，在何處，如何測，為何被限用),

23、健康和安全最佳惯例,CHROME VI,Extractable Hexavalent Chromium Chrome tanned leather (CrIII) Chrome based dyes Carcinogen Environmental hazard Skin irritant,六價鉻,(可被萃取出之六價鉻),鉻鞣皮（三價鉻）,(含鉻染料),(環境危害),(致癌物質),(皮膚剌激性),健康和安全最佳惯例,CHROME VI,Requirements for PPE gloves (1994) Included in revision of EN344 Safety footwear

24、 10ppm (not detected) EN344 安全鞋規範中，需小於10ppm （不可被測出）) Zero tolerance in German consumer products Test method CEN TS 14495:2003,六價鉻,(個人防護手套 1994 要求),(在德國消費者市場中，不允許六價鉻存在),健康和安全最佳惯例,CADMIUM,Stabiliser or pigments for plastics (including PVC) Environmental hazard Toxic, Carcinogenic and Bioacumulative,(鎘

25、),(塑膠中之安定劑或染料，包括PVC),(環境危害),(毒素、致癌物及生物累積性， 不易排出體外),健康和安全最佳惯例,CADMIUM,European Cadmium Directive - 91/338/EEC Restricts use in specific polymers/applications Still permitted for safety reasons Triviality level 100ppm Dutch legislation50ppm,(歐洲的鎘指令91/338/EEC),(在特定高份子或一些應用中被限制使用),(鎘),(在安全範圍內仍允許使用),(一般水

26、準),(荷蘭法令),健康和安全最佳惯例,AZO DYES,(偶氮染料),健康和安全最佳惯例,AZO DYES,22 Banned Aromatic Amines (22種禁用芳香族胺類) EC Directive 2002/61/EC(歐盟指令 2002/61/EC) 11th September 2003 (2003年9月11日) Review in 2005 (2005再復審) UK Legislation Jan 2005,(偶氮染料),健康和安全最佳惯例,FORMALDEHYDE,HCHO (甲醛化學式) Textile or leather treatment (紡織或皮革處理) S

27、kin irritant (皮膚刺激性) & IARC classified carcinogen Respiratory irritant in workers (刺激工作者呼吸道),(甲醛),健康和安全最佳惯例,FORMALDEHYDE,No formal EU legislation (歐盟沒有正式立法) Labelling requirements for high concentrations (高濃度需加附籤) Wash before wearing (穿著之前先洗過) Limit of detection 20ppm (被測出之限值 20ppm) Japan law 112 ha

28、s lower limit of 13ppm for childrens wear (日本法令112針對小孩子穿著之製品 限值為13ppm),(甲醛),健康和安全最佳惯例,NICKEL,Allergen (過敏原) 15% Women (15% 女人) 1-2%Men (increasing) (1-2%男人 增加中) EC Directive 94/27/EC (歐盟指令94/27/EC) Held in abeyance until 1999 (1999年以前暫被擱置),(鎳),健康和安全最佳惯例,NICKEL,Total nickel earring piercing posts onl

29、y (總額) (僅有耳環穿刺性的材料才要) 0.05% (500ppm) Migratable nickel items in prolonged intimate skin contact (可移行鎳與皮膚接觸) 0.5g/cm2/week Durability of coatings (塗佈層耐久性) Three years (3年),(鎳),健康和安全最佳惯例,ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS,PVC stabilisers (PVC安定性) Anti-Microbial treatments (抗菌處理) Residues from production processes (c

30、atalysts) (製程中殘留（觸媒）) Anti-fouling compounds - boats (抗污物質船),(有機錫化合物),健康和安全最佳惯例,ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS,Measured as ppb level (parts per billion g/kg) (量測至ppb等級 g/kg) 50ppb for Tributyl tin (三丁基錫要50ppb) 200ppb for total organotins (DBT, MBT) (總有機鍚 （DBT,MBT）要200ppb) Japan Law 112 (1973) (日本法令112) No EU l

31、egislation (anticipated) (沒有歐盟法令 （期待中）),(有機錫),健康和安全最佳惯例,Fungicide（防霉劑） Accumulates in the environment（在環境中會累積） Restricted in Germany 5ppm （在德國限制至5ppm ） EU 1000pm （歐盟1000pm ）,Pentachlorophenol (PCP),PENTACHLOROPHENOL,五氯酚,五氯酚(PCP),Pentachlorophenol (PCP),Pentachlorophenol (PCP),五氯酚(PCP),健康和安全最佳惯例,PEST

32、ICIDE RESIDUES,Natural materials Varies concerns depending on species Non legislative - Textile Eco-label requirement 0.05ppm Different lists for wools, leathers and cottons etc,殺蟲劑殘留,天然材質,依種類不同而有不同的殺蟲劑,沒有法令-紡織環保標章有要求,在羊毛、毛皮及棉花等項目中，各有不同列舉之殺蟲劑,健康和安全最佳惯例,PHTHALATE PLASTICISERS,Flexible PVC Potential c

33、arcinogens and endocrine disruptors EU directive 1994/815/EEC Toys intended to be mouthed,鄰苯二甲酸類可塑劑,可曲折之PVC,有致癌及內分泌失調之潛在危險,歐盟芷另1994/815/EEC至於口中之玩具,健康和安全最佳惯例,PHTHALATE PLASTICISERS,Six named Phthalates DEHPDi Ethyl hexyl phthalate DINPDi Iso nonyl phthalate DOPDi Octyl phthalate DIDPDi Iso decyl phth

34、alate BBPBenzyl butyl phthalate DBPDi butyl phthalate Legislation now in force for other consumer products Awaiting decision Other phthalate could still be used,六種有名之鄰苯二甲酸類可塑劑,其他消費品強制立法限用,等待決定,其他可塑劑仍可使用,二乙己基鄰苯二甲酸酯,鄰苯二甲酸二異壬基酯,鄰苯二甲酸二辛基酯,鄰苯二甲酸二異癸基酯,鄰苯二甲酸丁基芐基酯,鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯,鄰苯二甲酸類可塑劑,健康和安全最佳惯例,NITROSAMINES,R

35、ubber compounds Toxic - N - N = O (N-Nitrosamines) Also includes N-Nitrostable substances) EU directive 93/11/EC Rubber teats and soothers Footwear Eco-label requirement,亞硝胺,毒性,亞硝胺類化合物,包括硝胺類物質,歐盟指令93/11/EC橡膠奶嘴及安撫奶嘴,鞋類環保標章有要求此項目,橡膠混合物,健康和安全最佳惯例,LATEX PROTEINS,Dipped latex products Medical examination

36、 gloves Allergic reaction Anaphylactic shock EN455 requires measurement of free protein levels HSE States that 50mg/kg should not cause allergic response,乳膠蛋白質,浸泡製程之乳膠製品,醫用手套,過敏反應-中毒性休克,EN455需要量測至沒有蛋白質存在之程度,HSE 聲明 50mg/kg 不應該引起過敏反應,健康和安全最佳惯例,EXTRACTABLE HEAVY METALS,European toy safety directive Ext

37、ractable in artificial saliva Due diligence Called up in various legislation for child care articles,可被萃取出的重金屬,歐洲的玩具安全指令,在人工口水中可被萃取出來,不同的兒童法令結合,職責,健康和安全最佳惯例,EXTRACTABLE HEAVY METALS,Eight metals Antimony (Sb)60ppmChromium(Cr)60ppm Arsenic (As)25ppmLead(Pb)90ppm Barium(Ba)1000ppmMercury(Hg)60ppm Cadm

38、ium(Cd)75ppmSelenium(Se)500ppm Chrome tanned leather will fail Alternative extraction procedure Baby harness standard (BS 6684) Higher requirement (200ppm),可被萃取出的重金屬,八大金屬,銻,砷,鋇,鎘,鉻,鉛,汞,硒,鉻鞣革將不及格,其他替代的萃取程序,嬰兒安全帶標準,較高的要求標準（200ppm）,健康和安全最佳惯例,ALLERGISING DISPERSE DYES,Dyes implicated in contact dermatit

39、is in consumers Dyes for synthetic textiles Polyester, polyamide and acetate CIDisperse Blue1CIDisperse Yellow 3 CIDisperse Blue3 CIDisperse Yellow 9 CIDisperse Blue7 CIDisperse Yellow 39 CIDisperse Blue26 CIDisperse Yellow 49 CIDisperse Blue35CIDisperse Orange1 CIDisperse Blue102CIDisperse Orange 3

40、7 CIDisperse Blue106 CIDisperse Orange 76 CIDisperse Blue124CIDisperse Red1 CIDisperse Orange3CIDisperse Red 11 CIDisperse Yellow1 CIDisperse Red 17,具過敏性的分散染料,導致消費者接觸性皮膚炎之染料,合成紡織物之染料-聚酯，尼龍及醋酸纖維,分散性染料,健康和安全最佳惯例,BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS,Flame retardants for furnishings Bioacumulative PENTA and OCTA

41、 BDE likely to be restricted DECA BDE Confirmed as acceptable Alternative systems being developed,溴化物防燃劑,家具防燃,體內堆積,含五及八個之溴化物防燃劑很可能被限用,取代用之系統正在開發中,健康和安全最佳惯例,ALKYL PHENOL ETHOXYLATES (APES),Wetting agents and detergents for textile industry Persistent environmental pollutants Endocrine disruptor 內分泌失調

42、 Skin and respiratory irritant European Ban 2003/53/EC Jan 2005 (NP & NPE),壬基苯酚（APES）類界面活性劑,紡織工業中之清潔劑、濕潤劑,永久性之環境污染,皮膚及呼吸道刺激,健康和安全最佳惯例,FACTORY SAFETY ISSUES,工厂安全问题,健康和安全最佳惯例,V.O.C.,Volatile Organic Compound,Organic - must contain Carbon,Organic compound - chemical compound containing carbon combined

43、with hydrogen and other elements (e.g. oxygen and halogens such as chlorine),揮發性的有機合成物,有機的 必須是含有碳,Volatile - evaporates or changes from liquid to gaseous phase,有機合成物 化學合成物含有碳元素結合氫元素和其他的元素 (例如. 氧和鹵素-例如氯),揮發性的 蒸發或從液體改變為氣體的過程,健康和安全最佳惯例,Organic compounds can be:有機合成物會是:,Mainly concerned with:主要有關的為: Ket

44、ones酮 Esters 酯 Alcohols 醇 Polyols 聚醇 Benzene derivatives 苯的衍生物,Straight or open chain structure垂直的或開放鏈的構造,Aliphatic脂肪族,Ring structure (Benzene ring)環狀的構造 (苯環),Aromatic芳香族,This will affect properties, requirements, reactivity, etc. 這些將會影響到功能性,必要條件和反應等等,健康和安全最佳惯例,Acetone or Propanone丙酮 MEK - Methyl Et

45、hyl KetoneMEK - 丁酮 Ethyl Alcohol (note confusion between methanol and meths) 乙醇 (注意酒精和變性酒精之間的混淆) Iso Propyl Alcohol異丙醇 Ethyl Acetate已基醋酸鹽 Polyethylene Glycol聚乙烯甘醇,Dichloromethane - Toluene - Xylene - Petroleum Ether (Spirit) 二氯甲烷 甲苯 二甲苯 石油醚 (酒精),Examples are:例如:,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Exposure溶劑的暴露,Minim

46、ise solvent exposure 使溶劑的暴露減至最低 Use water based adhesives where possible 盡可能的使用水性膠 Non-solvent surface preparation 無溶劑的表面準備工作 W/based detergents with ultrasound PVC 利用超音波的水性 清潔劑PVC Electrochemical oxidation Rubber 電化學的氧化 橡膠 Cryoblasting PU 極低溫爆破處理 PU Flame discharge (ionisation) EVA Flame discharge

47、(電離) EVA,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Free and other systems 不含溶劑以及其他系統,Water based水性 Hot melt熱熔 Reactive活化 Cyanoacrylate快速粘著劑,Abatement減少 Catalytic combustion催化式排氣淨化裝置 Biotreatment生物化學處理,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Exposure溶劑的暴露,Ensure adequate extraction 確定正確的排出 Downdraught is most efficient 向下排出最有效率 Balance air flow

48、within system 平衡空氣流動的系統 Engineer processes correctly 操作程序正確 Storage containers 存放的容器 Work within extraction area 在有氣體排出設備的區域工作,健康和安全最佳惯例,Recommended levels 建議程度,Solvents/VOCs溶劑/揮發性的有機合成物,M.E.L.,Maximum 最大的,Exposure 暴露,Limit 極限,Aim for 50% of limit 目標為 50% 的限制,健康和安全最佳惯例,Recommended levels.Continued 建

49、議程度.繼續,O.E.S.,Occupational工作的 Exposure暴露 Standard標準,Values set for LONG and short term exposure 對於長期和短期暴露的評價 Short term - 10 minutes 短期 - 10 分鐘 Long term - 8 hour time weighted average 長期 平均以8小時來檢測,Usually go for Long Term通常指長期,健康和安全最佳惯例,OES/MEL 工作的暴露標準/最大的暴露限制,Acetone丙酮750 ppm百萬分之一 Ethyl Acetate乙酸乙

50、酯 400 MEK丁酮200 THF四氫夫喃100 Toluene甲苯50 n-Hexane正己烷 20 (Ethanol乙醇 1000),Masks and respirators 面具和口罩 EN 149 FFP1S, FFP2S EN 450, VOC 28 day EN 405:1993 FFA1P2 (SL),健康和安全最佳惯例,EQUIPMENT DEMONSTRATION,設备展示,健康和安全最佳惯例,Workplace Extraction 工作場所的氣體排出,L E V,Local空間的 Exhaust排出 Ventilation通風設備,Down-draught is be

51、st向下排出為最佳,Capture Velocity (C.V.)吸收速率,Extraction Velocity (E.V.) 排出速率,健康和安全最佳惯例,Workplace extractioncontinued工作場所的氣體排出繼續,C.V. in metres per second (at opening) 吸收速率為公尺/每秒 (開放時),Cementing benches貼合台0.3 to 0.5 Drying cabinets 乾燥箱0.1 to 0.2 Spray booths噴台1.0 to 2.5 Roughing & Scouring打粗和打磨 min 2.5,Smok

52、e test煙霧測試 Check dust bags, accumulations and blockages & joints and leaks 檢查集塵袋 - 累積以及袋口的緊密和接合和裂縫,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Exposure溶劑的暴露,健康和安全最佳惯例,EQUIPMENT DEMONSTRATION,設备展示,健康和安全最佳惯例,Personal Protective Equipment個人防護裝備,This is the last line of defence 這是防禦的最後一道線 Ensure that correct types of mask are us

53、ed 確定使用正確類型的面具 Replace masks and respirator filters regularly 經常更換面具和口罩的濾網,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Exposure溶劑的暴露,Ensure all operations are considered for example shoe box assembly 貼確定所有的操作都有被考慮 例如鞋盒的合 Daily adhesive store and mixing room must be well ventilated and carry minimal stock 每日的膠水貯存和調膠室必須有良好通風和只

54、做最低需求量的貯存 Ensure safety lighting in adhesive/solvent stores 確定安全的照明在膠水/溶劑的貯存室,健康和安全最佳惯例,EQUIPMENT DEMONSTRATION,設备展示,健康和安全最佳惯例,Solvent Stores,Spark proof lights 防爆燈管,Dont forget the light switch 別望了關燈,Store drums on raised supports 將桶存放於支架上,Fire exitinguishers and spillage containment 滅火器和溢出控制,健康和安全

55、最佳惯例,Local Exhaust Ventilators (LEV)空間的排氣通風設備 (LEV,Identify each work station with extraction 確定每一工作台的氣體排出 Check extraction using smoke tubes 用煙霧量測管檢查 排氣情形 Take air speed measurements 進行空氣速度量測,健康和安全最佳惯例,Local Exhaust Ventilators (LEV)空間的排氣通風設備 (LEV),Extraction air speed recommendations 空氣排出速度的建議 Dow

56、n draught cementing benches - 0.3 to 0.5 m/sec 氣體由貼合台向下排出 - 0.3 to 0.5 米/秒 Drying cabinets (face of opening) - 0.1 to 0.2 m/sec 乾燥箱 (面對開口) - 0.1 to 0.2 米/秒 Spray booths - 1.0 to 2.5 m/sec 噴台 - 1.0 to 2.5 米/秒 Carry out appropriate personnel monitoring for groups of processes 進行正確的針對整體流程的個人監控,健康和安全最佳惯

57、例,Solvent exposure limits溶劑暴露的極限,Solvent 溶劑 Acetone 丙酮 Ethyl acetate 乙酸乙酯 MEK 丁酮 Toluene 甲苯,PPM 百萬分 之一 60 48 136 20,OES 工作的暴露標準 750 400 200 50,Fraction 分數 0.08 0.12 0.68 0.40,Total 合計 1.28,健康和安全最佳惯例,EQUIPMENT DEMONSTRATION,設备展示,健康和安全最佳惯例,Dust exposure 灰塵的暴露,Extraction air speeds minimum 2.5 m/sec 空氣

58、速度的排出至少 2.5 米/秒 Personnel monitoring 個人的監控 Dust control limits 灰塵控制極限 Max 10mg per cubic metre of air for total inhalable dust 對總吸入灰塵空氣量的最大量為每立方米10毫克 Max 4mg per cubic metre of air for respirable dust 對吸入肺部灰塵空氣量 的最大量為每立方米4毫克,健康和安全最佳惯例,Dust灰塵,O.E.L. as mg/cm3, 8 hour weighted 工作暴露的程度為 mg/cm3, 8小時的量測

59、Milligrammes per cubic centimetre of air 空氣之每立方釐米的毫克,Total inhalable 總吸入的量 10 max最多為 10 Total respirable 總吸入肺部的量 4 max最多為 4,“respirable” is mainly below 5m or 5 one thousandths of a millimetre - small enough to enter lungs 可吸入的” 通常低於 5m 或一毫米的五千分之一 小到可以吸進肺部,Mark to EN 149:1991 標示於 EN 149:1991,健康和安全最佳

60、惯例, Rubber Fume橡膠的煙,0.6 mg/m2 (milligrammes per cubic metre of air) 8 hour weighted average 0.6 mg/m3 (空氣之每立方米的毫克) 平均為8小時的檢測, Isocyanates異氰酸酯,Highly toxic 劇毒,M.E.L. - 0.02 mg/m3最大暴露極限 0.02 milligrammes per cubic metre 0.02 每立方米的毫克,HPLC - Paper tape monitoring HPLC(高效液相層析儀) 用會變色的紙條帶來監控,inhalation and