过去完成时语法精讲

1、英语过去完成时语法精讲一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念 ：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的 过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。| | 那时以前 那时 现在 构成 ：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 ： 00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来

2、判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

3、2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去” ，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即 动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在： （ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完 成时。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在 前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的

4、要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意 ： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中， 由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先 后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（

5、 3）表示意向的动词 ，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成 时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定 。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生 在“过去的过去” 。 如：Whe

6、n I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。 （主句的动作发生在“过去的过去” ）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某一时间或某一 动作相比较时才使用它。 如：He told me that he had written a new book. （had written 发生在 told 之前 ）3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， befor

7、e ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。 如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间， 而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。 如：By the end of last year, he had worked in the f

8、actory for twenty years.（ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在 有关，其结构为“助动词 have （has） + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它 所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去” ，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较 时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 Engli

9、sh words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。 （“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been?他去哪儿了？ （答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地 方，即“过去的过去” ）五、过去完成时与一般过去时

10、的区别 虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去” ；而一般过去时只强调过去某 一特定的时间。 试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来 判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。 如：She was very happy. Her whole family wer

11、e pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般 过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于 这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。 如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I （had） cal

12、led her before I left the office.8过去完成时练习1. Wefour thousand new words by the end of last year .Ahad learned Bhave learned C learnedDwill have learned2. Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.A . has left；comes B. left；had come C. had left； came D. had left；would come3

13、. I lost the book I .A . have bought B. bought C. had bought D . had been bought4. The bus had gone when I at the bus stop.A .have arrived B . arrivedC.had arrivedD. am arriving5. Tom _ of visiting his grandmother but the bad weather made him change his mindA .has thoughtB . thoughtC.had thoughtD. h

14、ad been thought6. Did you meet Tom at the airport ? No , he by the time I there.A. has left；gotB. had left；arrivedC. left；arrivedD. left；had got7. Why didn t Tom attend the meeting yesterday? He Beijing .A . has gone to B . had gone toC. went to D . had been to8. I to come to help you . But you didn

15、 t come.A have meant B had meant C meantDwill mean9. Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University, for which she _ five times .A had tried B was tryingC has triedD tried10I have bought you the books you want A wasB amC had been现在完成时与过去完成时Oh, good , I afraid you had forgotten.D have beenA. 用 alrea

16、dy 或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures ? No, not 2) Most of us have finished our compositions 3) He said he hadn t visited the exhibition .B. 用 since 或 for1) We have learned five lessons the beginning og this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital last week.3) I have stayed at my aunt s two

17、 weeks.C. 用 have gone 或 have been1) Where are the boy students ? They to the school factory.2) Is your father in ? No, he _ to Shenzhen. _he ever there beforeYes, he _ there several times3) He asked me if to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I never to that city bef

18、ore.选择填空1. Mother me a new coat yesterday.I it on.It fits me well.A. had made have triedB. made have triedC. has made triedD. made -tried2.“ He to draw horses already”.“When _he ?” “ Last year “A. learned has B. learned didC. has lear nedhas D. has lear ned did3. Tom up into the tree. Look, he high

19、up there !A. has got is B. has climbed was C. got wasD. climbed is4. you the text yet ? Yes, we it two hours ago.A. Did copydidB. Have copied haveC. Have copied didD. Did copy had5. “Why she angry ?”“Because he at her just now .”A. did getshoutedB. hasgotshoutedC. did gethas shoutedD. hasgothas shou

20、ted6. _you the film before ? Where _ you it ?A. Have seendid seeB. Did seedid watchC. Have seerr haveseenD. Did see haveseen7. You me waiting for two hours. I for you since five.A. kept waitedB. have kept waitedC. kept have waitedD. have kept have waited8. Where John ? To the library. He there for a

21、n hour.A. has beenhas gone B. hasgonehas beenC. did gowentD. did bewent9. the baby still ? No, it crying .A. Has cried has stopped B. Is crying stoppedC. Did cry stoppedD. Is crying has stopped10. I _ the way. I here for quite many years.A. knew have lived B. knew live C. know have lived D. know liv

22、e11. you ever America ? Yes, I have.A. Have gone to B. Have gone in C. Have been to D. Have been in12. My brother college for over three years.A. has gone to B. has been toC. has been inD. has been at13. He the Army by the end of 1989. He in the army since then.A. joined isB. has joined has beenC. h

23、ad joined is D. had joined has been14. By the time I back they up ten satellites.A. came have sentB. camehad sentC. come have sentD. had come sent15. Jack over five lessons by seven oclock. Then he a rest.A. went took B. went had take n C. had gone took D. had gone had take n16. We out by that time that he a spy for a long time.A. had found had beenB. had found wasC. found had beenD. found was17. Before the news him, he to know about it.A. reaches has gotB. reached had gotC. reached gotD. had reached got18. I