节制杆式制退机设计计算课程设计

1、课程设计说明书学生姓名：学号学院（系）:机电工程学院动力机械系专业：武器系统与发射工程题目:节制杆式制退机设计计算综合成绩：指导教师：职称:2011 年01 月05 日i后坐正面问题计算以及结构设计1自由后坐运动计算1.1弹丸在膛内时期时（0ttg）根据已经给定参数，查找所要的参数如表所示:弹丸质量m装药质量后坐部分质量mh3212.9kg2800kg某瞬时后坐部分的绝对速度和后坐位移分别为W和L,弹丸的速度和位移分别为v和I，则有：Wm 0.5mh mm 0.5mh m根据已给的初值计算得:序号t(ms)v(m/s)W(m/s)l(m)L(m)00000011.422.80.30780.01

2、380.00018622.4540.7290.05070.00068433.4104.81.41480.12810.00172944.41802.430.26820.00362155.4277.63.74760.4950.00668366.4387.55.231250.8290.01119277.8539.37.280551.4770.0199489654.48.83442.1940.029619910.21753.210.16823.0460.0411211011.31825.411.14293.9160.0528661112.41881.411.89894.8560.0655561213.

3、62930.312.559055.9520.0803520080S/WLV00600002v-t曲线14168 10 12 t(ms)o+ v(m/s)L-t曲线t(ms)+系列1弹丸脱离炮口时膛内的平均压力为 Pg=102MPa, 般取仅考虑弹丸旋转和摩擦两种次要功的计算系数11.02,次要功系数为1.164Fg111 Apg 1492 KN2 m1.2有炮口制退器时火药气体后效期（tgvt w）某瞬时后坐部分的速度和位移分别为 W和L ,此时的已知数据如表所示:已知数据炮膛横截面面积A炮口压力Pg火药气体作用系数炮口制退器效率T失效气压Pk0.01394m2102MPa1.07840%0.

4、176MPa时间常数b= 0.004887后效期作用时间bln 0.03108Pktk tg=44.7(ms)炮口制退器冲量特征量m1 t m 0.50.50.388w Wgt tgFgbb1 e bmhFgbmh-t tgLLg Wg t tgt tg b 1火药气体后效时期数据计算如在后面的表中。2复进机工作参数确定复进机为气压式复进机，注气方式为储气瓶注气。复进机分为弹簧式；液体气压式(筒后坐和杆后坐)和气压式。由于液体气 压式复进机结构紧凑、重量轻，易于控制液体通道调整复进速度， 故该设计中选 用杆后坐液体气压式复进机。2.1液体气压式复进机初力的确定要保证在整个射角范围内保持后坐部分

5、处于待发位置， 并且即使后坐部分有 微小位移是，能克服各种摩擦力，将后坐部分推回原位。因此复进机的初力由下 式确定：Ffo mhg(Sin max OS max)mhg =34300式中：为一经验系数。当取f 0.16 ,0.4时，查表max与 的关系有：max 45 ,1.25, g 取9.8m/s2。则 Ff。 34300N。2.2压缩比Cm的确定压缩比的选择：首先要考虑尽量减小结构尺寸。由公式AflV 0 1AfLs1 Cm*n知：压缩比Cm越大，对于给定的Af和I，气体的初体积V0越小，结构尺寸就越 紧凑，但是增加压缩比Cm将提高复进机在后坐过程中储存的能量Ef，同时气体温度也会升高，

6、因此液体气压式复进机的压缩比Cm不宜过大，一般对于中小口径火炮，为使结构紧凑、质量轻以及后坐过程储存足够的能量，取Cm 2.5。2.3复进机活塞工作面积Af的计算复进机采用储气瓶注气，因此，气体初压一般Pf 0小于5MPa，故取Pf 0 3.3MPa。计算复进机活塞工作面积AfAfFf0=0.0104m2pf0式中Ff0为复进机初力Ff0 34300 N，计算得Af 0.0104m2。2.4气体的初容积V0的计算多变系数n取决于复进机的散热条件和活塞的运动速度，通常取n=Afl2V0 =0.00303 m21 Cm0计算得 V00.00303m2。2.5复进机力Ff的计算复进机初容积的相当长度

7、 Ls :27LsVoAf计算得Ls 1.61则复进机力Ff为:FfFf。Ls nLs x当x l时，复进机末力Ff ；当x lg时，弹丸出炮口的复进机力为 Ffgx(m)Ff(KN)x(m)Ff(KN)034.30.16225938.144260.00018634.303960.18888638.858940.00086434.318420.21479139.580450.00159634.334030.24004640.310110.00338234.372210.26469241.04860.00630134.434760.28875441.796160.01062334.527820.

8、31224742.552780.01902834.710230.33517843.3182110.02832934.914340.35755444.09210.03936235.159590.37937544.873960.05059735.41290.466648.2971810.06269135.68970.553852.284610.07672536.016370.64156.989680.10627936.724230.728262.625310.13479237.434040.815869.53286变化规律如下图:FR-X曲线Ff-x曲线3后坐制动图参数计算根据所选择的后坐制动图，

9、需要计算制动图上各特征点的参数值，以确定后 坐阻力曲线。该设计中选用野战火炮第三类后坐制动图， 需要确定Fr。、FRg和Fr ,如图野战火炮第三类后坐制动图FrFRgFRkFrxFr = 0.9 FRjFR0OxgXkX入x(b)Fr0 = Ff0 + mhg + fcos -sin =49666.4Fro 1 + 2Frk 0.9- 2 2 .mzgL0 j mhg LktgtgcosFRg229.161KNmh 32在后坐惯性期内时FR0 9 mzgLo j mhgxcos j hjl 时，FrFr o4制退后坐运动计算及运动参数曲线制退后坐运动用转换方程1tv WVrVR0FRdtmh1

10、 ttx LXrXrdtFRdtmh 004.1弹丸在膛内运动时期（Ow t W）g 弹丸在膛内运动时期的已知数据如表所示:后坐稳定 极限角j距离L0 j后支点到底面的距离AH耳轴到后 支点的距离Lr耳轴到地面的高度Hr耳轴到后 坐部分质 心的距离Ld全炮质里mz11.5o3.669m0.2m3.135m1.29m8.1mm2800kg在后坐稳定射角 j时后坐阻力的力臂为hjhj (Hr H)cos j - Lrsin j Ld=0.8422m对于野战火炮第三类后坐制动图，这一时期后坐阻力为Fr Fr0FRg FR01tg其中 Fro = Ffo + mhg + fcos - sin FRkm

11、zgLo j0.9hj 0.45gFR0 1 2 1mhg Lk 需 3tg 2tgcos j213tgtg2cos j对后坐阻力Fr积分，得Xrmht0FRdtmhF R0FRg2tgdtmh 0tFRdt0Fr02mhFRg FR01 上23tgFR0=49666.4N;F Rg=229.161KN;tg=0.01362s;mh=2800KG代入转换方程计算数据如表：膛内时期制退后坐运动诸元序号t(ms)W(m/s)L(m)Fr(KN)*(m/s)Xm)V(m/s)X(m)0000:49.6664000011.40.30780.00018668.116650.02944600.278354

12、0.00018622.40.7290.00086481.295390.05612600.6728740.00086433.41.41480.00172994.474140.0875140.0001331.3272860.00159644.42.430.003621107.65290.1236080.0002392.3063920.00338255.43.74760.006683120.83160.1644090.0003823.583191：0.006301 66.45.231250.011192134.01040.2099160.0005695.0213340.01062377.87.280

13、550.01994152.46060.2815340.0009126.9990160.01902889 8083440.029619168.27510.3502630.00129808343.60.028329910.2110.16820.041121184.22140.4264280.0017599.7417720.0393621011.3111.14290.052866198.7180.5016480.00226910.641250.0505971112.4111.89890.065556213.21460.5825630.00286511.316340.062691；1213.6212.

14、559050.080352229.16090.6781480.00362711.88090.0767254.2火药气体后效期（tg t亨tk这一时期后坐阻力为Fr = FRk =231kN，积分初始条件为:t=tg=0.01362s v R=v R g=0.678148m/s x R=x R g=0.003627m对后坐阻力积分得:R RgFRk ttgmh1 2xrXRg Rg ttgFRk t tg2mh代入转换方程计算数据如表所示。后效时期制退后坐运动诸元t(ms)W(m/s)L(m)VR(m/s)XR(m)V(mX(m)Fr(KN)13.6212.5590.080.6781480.00

15、362711.880850.076373229.16116.2112.14350.1119370.8901220.00565811.253380.106279229.16118.811.898940.143031.1020960.00823810.796840.134792229.16121.3911.754980.1736261.314070.01136710.440910.162259229.16123.9811.670240.203931.5260440.01504510.14420.188886229.16126.5711.620370.2340631.7380180.0192729.

16、8823480.214791229.16129.1611.591010.2640931.9499920.0240489.6410160.240046229.16131.7511.573730.2940652.1619650.0293739.4117610.264692229.16134.3411.563550.3240012.3739390.0352479.1896150.288754229.16136.9311.557570.3539172.5859130.041678.9716540.312247229.16139.5211.554040.383822.7978870.0486428.75

17、61550.335178229.16142.1111.551970.4137163.0098610.0561638.5421070.357554229.1614.3 惯性后坐时期（tkv t ） X 此时期后坐阻力的变化规律为：Fr 09 mzgL0 j mhgxcos jhj当后坐结束时v 0, x l , t tXk=0.38,带入下式;XkFRk0.9mhgcos j冲 0.92 =0,8158m当 X Xk 时，Fr FRk，当 x l 时，FrFr将制退方程改写成为：mhVdvFRdx，按初始条件：t tk 时x Xk，v Vk，积分得：2Vk2 Fr FRk xXkmht t2mh

18、(v Vk)t t kFrFRk后坐结束时刻为：2mhVkttk FrFRk将惯性时期内的位移分为N段dx (lXk)/N取 N=5，贝U dx=0.0872mV k2 nR j G计算数据如表所示:惯性时期制退后坐运动诸元X(m)Fr(KN)V(m/s)t(ms)0.4666215.45777.43742166.467010.5538214.22196.42924691.080870.641212.98615.237571120.1750.7282211.75033.68864157.99170.8158210.50880.000234248.043归纳数据:t(ms)V(m/s)X(m)F

19、R(KN)00049.666411.40.2783540.00018668.116652.40.6728740.00086481.295393.41.3272860.00159694.4741414.42.3063920.003382107.65295.43.5831910.006301120.83166.45.0213340.010623134.01047.86.9990160.019028152.460698.0834360.028329168.275110.219.7417720.039362184.221411.3110.641250.050597198.718112.4111.316

20、340.062691213.214613.6211.88090.076725229.160916.2111.253380.106279229.161118.810.796840.134792229.16121.3910.440910.162259229.16123.9810.14420.188886229.161126.579.8823480.214791229.16129.169.6410160.240046229.16131.759.4117610.264692229.16134.349.1896150.288754229.16136.938.9716540.312247229.16139

21、.528.7561550.335178229.16142.118.5421070.357554229.16144.78.3289120.379375229.16166.467017.4374210.4666215.457791.080876.4292460.5538214.2219120.1755.2375710.641212.9861157.99173.688640.7282211.7503248.0430.0002340.8158210.5088Fr变化规律，坐速度随时间变化如图所示:FR-x曲线x (0.027283m/格)FR(KN)Fr X曲线v-t曲线v t曲线5制退机主要结构尺寸

22、确定和节制杆尺寸计算设计选用典型的节制杆式制退机，制退机力F h Fr Ff (F Ft mhgsin )后坐阻力常数项Frc mhg(f cos sin )，计算得Frc 34300N。F h=FR-Ff-F r c5.1节制杆式制退机结构设计1) 制退机工作长度L制退机工作长度L I max lb 2e,式中：丨max为最大后坐长度；|b为制退活塞长度，d=130mm,般取lb 0.5 0.7 d取0.6d 78mm； e为考虑装配误差及极限射击条件而保留的余量，一般取 e=30mm。max b2e计算得L 953.8mm。2) 制退杆活塞的工作面积A0制退机活塞工作面积A0应从制退机工作

23、腔最大压力P1 max满足密封装置的可靠性要求和制退机液体温升满足火炮射击发数和射速的要求来确定。.F h maxA p1 maxF h max FRg Ffgf cos sin计算得F h max198.1kNPlmax的选取应考虑制退机密封装置的可靠性。选用石棉织物填料，取 p1max 12Mp，则 Ao=O.OO744m2。按结构尺寸估算制退机的液量：Vy Ao l max 2e计算得 Vy 0.01445m3按自由后坐能量估算液量：1 2mh W maxVy E 电l2计算得Vy 0.01502m3，与上式估算液量值相差不大，P1max选取合适3）制退筒内径Dt及制退杆外径dT由A04

24、Dt2小2和DT 得: dTdT取经验系数丫 =2计算得dr 83.7mm，圆整后取dT 84mmDt2计算得Dt 167.4mm，圆整后取Dt 168mm4）制退杆内腔直径d 1制退杆内腔直径根据制退杆拉伸强度和受内压的薄壁圆筒强度来确定当制退机为杆后坐时，有:d112F h FI max FzdT4式中：Fi为制退杆的惯性力；Fz为制退杆密圭寸装置的摩擦力；c为制退杆材料 的许用拉伸应力。制退杆惯性力为：d2x mgFi mgFptdt2 mh P式中：mg为制退杆与活塞的质量。假设制退杆腔室为厚壁圆筒，则有： dT d1 dT d12 10所以 d170.0mm估算制退杆与活塞的质量 m

25、g：2 2 2 2mg- Dt2d12lbdT2d12l max em44一般取钢的密度为7.8kg/m3，计算得mg 37.6kg，Fi 174kN石棉织物填料密封摩擦力的计算 FzFZ FC FB FCZ F h f Ff因为是正面计算，制退机和复进机具体密封结构还没有完成设计，只能将密封装置摩擦力取成常数，即Fzmhg，计算得 Fz 2327N。选取制退杆材料的许用应力0时,其 O s=525MPa O = O s/3=175MPa安全系数取3。制退杆材料一般用40Cr,复进节制器工作面积:Afj计算得Af .0.00385m2。对于大多数火炮，有F RmaxF pt max1 1153

26、0所以Fpt max 3107kN。制退机力为：F hmax FRg - Ffg - (F FT - mhgsin )计算得 F hmax 89.2kN。在进行受内压强度校核时，Fh F| max可能出现在Fptmax或Fhmax处，取其中最值 ， F pt max 3107kN 。初步受内压的薄壁圆筒强度估算时取:3 f maxF fj maxAfj0.9FfmhgAfj22 2dT(di3 dT2 (di计算得 p3 f max 8.2228MPa 。受内压的薄壁圆筒强度校核：（取复进节制器沟槽最大深度为 hm=2mm）带2hm)2p3 f max2hm)2计算得63.1503MPa 17

27、5MPa，故强度能满足要求，所以取di 70mm5）节制环直径dp节制环直径的择主要取决于制退杆与节制杆调速筒的装配关系。对于dp 0 ,JKAfj2A0AfjAp2 Aj.Fh，由于ax和是后坐行程x的函数，在xTFT（对应后坐速度 max）时有最大值，计算得Ai 405mm2。液压阻力方程:F h Pi(AoAfjAp)p3Afjf (ax) v2f(ax) KAo Ap 32axK2 AfjK1 A2计算数据结果如表3.9所示。节制杆式制退机的液压阻力系数 K1和K2值通常为：K仁（1.21.6）, K2 = （24）K1，取K1=1.4，K2=3K1=4.2。制退液选用斯切奥尔制退液，

28、其密度为 p =1168.5kg/m150C 时）。2）计算流液孔面积ax3A0Ap 2ax ,32 F h K2 A*.K1 v2 K1 A12计算数据如表3.9所示，理论计算的ax变化规律如图3.9。1400020012000.80.40.6x(m)0.2x-axo oo o o oo o 0 8 6 4 1*系列1ax x曲线dp2 dx2 得: dx J dp2 ax，dp=65mm5.3节制杆理论外形尺寸的计算流液孔面积确定后，由ax 4制退机液压阻力Fh、流液孔面积ax、节制杆理论直径dx如表所示:制退机液压阻力 f h、流液孔面积ax、节制杆理论直径 dxX(m)Fr(KN)Ff

29、(N)Fr c(N)Foh(N)ax(mnn)dx(mm)V(m/s)0.00018668.1166534303.961536618446.6988.6906664.125470.2783540.00086481.2953934318.421536631610.97163.780463.375610.6728740.00159694.4741434334.041536644774.1271.466862.284491.3272860.003382107.652934372.21536657914.7414.804560.801762.3063920.006301120.831634434.77

30、1536671030.83581.992359.025293.5831910.010623134.010434527.821536684116.58749.613657.188835.0213340.019028152.460634710.2315366102384.4947.353654.943536.9990160.028329168.275134914.3415366117994.81019.32554.103198.0834360.039362184.221435159.615366133695.81154.36552.490169.7417720.050597198.71835412

31、.9115366147939.11198.82751.948110.641250.062691213.214635689.715366162158.91217.75351.7156511.316340.076725229.160936016.3715366177778.51221.05851.6749511.88090.106279229.16136724.2315366177070.81158.71852.4373411.253380.134792229.16137434.04153661763611113.84152.9793710.796840.162259229.16138144.25

3271079.22353.3937410.440910.188886229.16138858.95153661749361050.63553.7335110.14420.214791229.16139580.4515366174214.61025.58354.02959.8823480.240046229.16140310.1115366173484.91002.59754.299669.6410160.264692229.16141048.5915366172746.4980.807754.554539.4117610.288754229.16141796.151536

33、6171998.8959.700854.800289.1896150.312247229.16142552.7815366171242.2938.972455.040568.9716540.335178229.16143318.215366170476.8918.441455.277528.7561550.357554229.16144092.1215366169702.989855.512448.5421070.379375229.16144873.9515366168921.1877.582555.74618.3289120.4666215.457748297.1815366151794.

34、5826.611656.325187.4374210.5538214.221952284.6115366146571.3727.078957.439146.4292460.641212.986156989.6815366140630.4604.604958.780895.2375710.7282211.750362625.3115366133759436.532760.573833.688640.8158210.508869532.8615366125609.90.02857264.999720.000234式中：Fcr为杆件纵向弯曲的临界载荷;由于节制杆长度与直径之比很大，必须校核其纵向稳定

35、性。校合稳定性：计 算压杆稳定性的欧拉公式为：FcrElminl为杆件长度，节制杆长度可取I Ijx 0.8158m ；E为材料的弹性摸量，对于钢E=2.06MPa；I min为节制杆最小截面的惯性矩Imin4dxmin，查表 dx min=51.674mm；64k为与压杆两端约束情况有关的系数，对于节制杆制退机，通常将节制杆的约束视为一端固定，一端铰接,计算得I min 3.50 107，Fcr 81864.146N。为保证压杆稳定性，校核时安全系数n不低于5。节制杆承受最大载荷为复进节制器的最大液压阻力F fj max 0.9 FffmhgF fj max 13.1kNF crnF fj maxn 6.3 5故节制杆的纵向稳定性满足要求。液压阻力变化如下图所示:F h-x*