最新牛津高中英语模块一语法整理

1、精品文档牛津英语模块一语法定语从句（1）1关系代词在定语从句中的使用除了形容词，名词等作定语来修饰名词或代词，句子也可以作定语，我们称作定语的句子为定语从句。先看这样的两个句子：thismanismyenglishteacher.heisstandingatthedoor.如果想把这两个句子合成一个句子，我们可将第二句转换成定语从句来修饰theman，即：themanthat/whoisstandingatthedoorismyenglishteacher.这个句子中，that/whoisstandingatthedoor充当了theman的定语，它就是定语从句；而被修饰的theman叫作先行

2、词，that/who是关系代词。2关系代词that，which,who,whom,whose的区别（1）当先行词是人时：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，用that/whoishethemanwho/thattoldyouthenews?关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that/who,也可以省略theboy(whom/that/who)italkedtoyesterdayismybrother.（2）当先行词是物时：可用关系代词that/which来充当主语或宾语thisisabookwhich/thattalksaboutgeography.综上所述，that既可指人，也可指物，而w

3、hich只可指物，who/whom只可指人；who/that/which都可作主语或宾语，而whom只能作宾语；whose在定语从句中必须放在一个名词前作定语thebookwhosecoverisredcantbefoundnow.3只能用that引导定语从句的情况（1）当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时thisisthebestdictionarythativeeverused.thefirstthingthatyoushoulddoistoworkoutaplan.（2）当先行词被all,some,any,no,little,much等修饰或者先行词为all,much,little,f

4、ew,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时allthatshelackedwastraining.shewouldneverdoanythingthatwasnotapprovedofbyherparents.（3）当先行词既有人又有物时theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatmostimpressedthem.（4）当先行词被thelast,theonly,thevery等修饰时thisistheonlyexamplethatiknow.thisisoneoftheverybooksthatiam

5、lookingfor.（5）当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时，通常用thatchinaisnotthecountry(that)itwas.4引导定语从句的关系代词常用which不用that的情况（1）关系代词前有介词或介词短语时galileobuiltatelescopethroughwhichhecouldstudythesky.精品文档精品文档hereisthebookaboutwhichitoldyouyesterday,（2）引导非限制性定语从句时football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.theweath

6、erturnedouttobeverygood,whichwasbetterthanwecouldexcept.（3）当关系代词之后有插入语时hereistheenglishgrammarbookwhich,asivetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourenglish.hewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplaywhich,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.（4）先行词本身是that时thatwhichisevilissoonlearned.坏事易学。thatwhichiswelldoneistwicedon

7、e.一次做的好等于做两次。5which和whose作定语时的区别which和whose都可以在定语从句中作定语，但是which一般只用在非限制性定语从句中，紧指物，并且要接一个对先行词起概括作用的泛指名词；whose+名词与先行词不表示同一事物或情况peterspentthreeyearsinfrance,duringwhichtimehelearntfrench.thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.窗子破了的那间房子没人住。注意：定语从句中whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhom/whichtheboy,whoseuncleisajudge

8、,issingingunderthetree.=theboy,theuncleofwhomisajudge,issingingunderthetree.iboughtthebooklastyear,whosecoverisbroken.=iboughtthebooklastyear,thecoverofwhichisbroken.6如何确定定语从句的引导词下面两句话中的先行词都是day，但由于其在定语从句中充当的句子成分不同，定语从句的引导词也不同illneverforgetthedays(which/that)wespenttogether.我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。（先行词thed

9、ays在定语从句中充当及物动词spend的宾语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系代词which/that）illneverforgetthedaywhen(onwhich)iarrivedhere.（我永远不会忘记我到这儿的日子。先行词theday在定语从句中作时间状语，所以定语从句的引导词要用关系副词when，或on+关系代词which）7关系代词的省略在定语从句中，如果关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语，那么我们常常省略关系代词。如果关系代词在定语从句中充当主语，则不可省略heistheperson(who/that)wearelookingfor.他就是我们一直在找的那个人。（从句中that/wh

10、o作介词for的宾语，因此可以省略。）注意：介词后面的关系代词不能省略，而且指人时用whom，指物是用whichthepersonaboutwhomwearetalkingisourheadmaster.（我们正在谈论的那个人是我们的校长。whom在定语从句中作about的宾语，而且先行词theperson是指人，因此只能用whom）thecompanyatwhichmysisterworksisintheeastofthecity.8定语从句中的主谓一致问题（1）关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词在人称和数上通常和先行词保持一致精品文档精品文档allthatshinesisno

11、tgold.发光的不一定是金子（2）oneofthe+复数名词作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和复数名词一致heisalsooneofthestudentswhogotothepark.（3）theonly/very+oneofthe+复数名词作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词和one一致，用单数形式heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhogoestothepark.9定语从句与同位语从句的区别（1）从语法角度来看，引导同位语从句的that是连词，只起语法作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，如例（1）中的that；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，它除了起引导从句的语法作用外，还要在

12、从句中充当句子成分，主要是作主语或宾语，如例（2）中的that在从句中作动词told的宾语（2）从先行词的词性来看，同位语从句的先行词大都为抽象名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，也可以是代词（3）从可否省略来看，同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，在非正式用语中常常可以省略例（1）weweregreatlypleasedatthenewsthatthechinesewomensvolleyballteamhadwonthematchagain.听到中国女排再次获胜的消息我们极为高兴。（that引导同位语从句）例（2）weweregreatlypl

13、easedatthenewsthatourteacherhadtoldus.听到老师告诉我们的消息我们感到很高兴10定语从句与状语从句的区别定语从句的关系词在从句中要作某种成分，因而从句成分不完整；而引导状语从句的连接词在句中不作任何成分，因此句子成分完整itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(定语从句)itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(结果状语从句)11定语从句与强调句型的区别定语从句对名词或代词起修饰和限制作用，关系词可以是that，which，as，who，另一方面，句子中的it有所指代；而强调句型是对

14、某部分加强语气，强调语气的连接词只能是that，who，并且句子中的it没有任何意义。两种从句的判断一般比较明显，而有事就难以区别，需要根据上下文的语境来判断。如下面一句话：itisabookthathewants.此句究竟是强调句型还是定语从句，就要从语境上来判断。如果它是用来回答whatisthis/that?这样的问题，意思就是：它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答whatdoeshewant?这样的问题，那么意思就是：他想要的是一本书。显然，句子是强调句型。【真题回放】1（）theprizewillgotothewriterstoryshowsthemostimagi

15、nation.athatbwhichcwhosedwhat2（）youllfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstationyoucanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.awhichbwherecwhendasi3（）vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschoolimetintheenglishspeechcontestlastyear.awhobwherecwhendwhich4（）theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhousesarebuiltclosetoeach精品

16、文档精品文档other.atheybwherecwhatdthat5（）thatsthenewmachinepartsaresmalltobeseen.athatbwhichcwhosedwhat6（）theoldtempleroofwasdamagedinstormisnowunderrepair.awherebwhichcitsdwhose7（）irefusetoaccepttheblameforsomethingwassomeoneelsesfault.awhobthatcasdwhat8()childrenwhoarenoactiveordietishighinfatwillgainw

17、eightquickly.awhatbwhosecwhichdthat9()inchina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasingdevelopmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.awherebwhichcwhosedthat定语从句（2）1介词+关系代词结构中的介词可以是in，on,about,from,for,with,to等，关系代词只可用whom，which，或whose，不可用that。这些词既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。主要有以下几种结构：（1）介词+关系代词whoisthemanwithwhomyoushookha

18、ndsjustnow?（2）名词+介词+关系代词givemethebookthecoverofwhichisred(thecoverofwhich=whosecover).注意：当先行词是物时，作定语的引导词whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhich或ofwhich+the+n.（3）代词+介词+关系代词ashewasalively,cousinman,hehidagreatdeal,andnoticedmanyinterestingthings,allofwhichherecordedinhisdiary.（4）介词+关系代词+名词hegoestobedatten,atwhichhour

19、hisbrotherlocksallthedoorsandwindows.（5）形容词最高级+介词+关系代词hehasboughtmanynovels,themostinterestingofwhichiswrittenbyhanhan.（6）数词+介词+关系代词ihavethreebrothers,twoofwhomhavejustgraduatedfromthesameuniversity.【巧记】介词+关系代词结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时则用which。介词的选择可以根据以下关系确定：（1）介词与定语从句中的动词或形容词是一种习惯性搭配。thisisthebookforwhi

20、chipaid8yuan.thetwothingsaboutwhichmarxwasnotsurewerethegrammarandsomeoftheidiomsofenglish.（2）介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。therewasnowayinwhichitcouldbeboughtbacktotheearth.没有办法可以把它带到地球上来。（依据短语inthisway）（3）根据所表达的意思确定精品文档精品文档thegaswithwhichdoctorscansavethepatientsiscalledoxygen.thegaswithoutwhichwecantliveis

21、calledoxygen.（4）表示所有关系或整体中的一部分时，用介词oftherearedifferentformsofenergy,mostofwhichcomefromthesun.注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开，即介词仍放在动词之后，因此不能使用介词+关系代词结构此类短语有：listento,lookat,payattentionto,carefor等isthisthewatchheislookingfor?2关系副词的用法关系副词（=介词+关系代词）：关系副词when(=at/on/in/duringwhich)先行词时间名词在从句中的作用时间状语说明非正式文体中，有where

22、(=in/atwhich)地点名词地点状语时用that代替关系副词，如通常用在way后why=(forwhich)reason和explanation原因状语theraincameatatimewhen(=atwhich)itwasnotneeded.thisisthecomputerwhere(=by/onwhich)hehasstolentop-secretdocuments.hereistheplacewhere(=atwhich)themurdertookplace.hedidntgiveanyreasonwhy(=forwhich)ihadbeenfired.【提示】当先行词是sit

23、uation,point,case,stage等表示某种情景、状况的词时，常用where或in/atwhich引导定语从句。canyouimagineasituationwhere/inwhichyoucanusetheword?【巧记】如果表示时间、地点、原因的名词不作状语，而是作主语、宾语或者表语时，必须用关系代词that/which来引导而不是用where等may1isthedayiwillneverforget.五月一号是我永远不会忘记的一天。（that作forget的宾语）（thethreegorgesisabeautifulplace(that/which)peopleallove

24、rtheworldlookforwardtovisiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。that或which作visiting的宾语）isthisthereasonthathegaveusforbeinglate?这就是他给我们的迟到的原因吗？（that作gave的直接宾语）【真题回放】1()sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstructionhadtakenmorethanthreeyears.aforwhichbwithwhichcofwhichdtowhich2()englishisalanguagesharedby

25、severaldiversecultures,eachofusesitsomewhatdifferently.awhichbwhatcthemdthose精品文档精品文档3()abankistheplacetheylendyouanumbrellainfairweatherandaskforitbackwhenitbeginstorain.awhenbthatcwheredthere4()itwasapril29,2011princewilliamandkatemiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.athatbwhencsin

26、cedbefore5()thedaysaregonephysicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.awhenbthatcwheredwhich6()iwalkeduptothetopofthehillwithmyfriend,weenjoyedasplendidviewofthelake.awhichbwherecwhodthat7()juliewasgoodatgerman,frenchandrussian,allofshespokefluently.awhobwhomcwhichdthat8()stephenhawkingbelievesthat

27、theearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanetlifehasdevelopedgradually.athatbwherecwhichdwhose9()shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneofihadevermetbefore.athembwhocwhomdthese10()mozartsbirthplaceandthehousehecomposedthemagicflutearebothmuseumsnow.awherebwhenctheredwhich11()ihavereachedapointinmylifeiamsupposedto

28、makedecisionsofmyown.awhichbwherechowdwhy12()shellneverforgetherstaythereshefoundhersonwhohadgonemissingtwoyearsbefore.athatbwhichcwheredwhen13()guncontrolisasubjectamericanshavearguedforalongtime.aofwhichbwithwhichcaboutwhichdintowhich14()itshelpfultoputchildreninasituationtheycanseethemselvesdiffe

29、rently.athatbwhencwhichdwhere15()-whatdoyouthinkofteaching,bob?-ifinditfunandchallenging,itisajobyouaredoingsomethingseriousbutinteresting.awherebwhichcwhendthat定语从句（3）-非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句指示对主句内容或先行词作补充解释或附加说明。主句与从句之间一般用逗号隔开，常常单独翻译。如果去掉，主句意思仍然完整。ihaveaneldersisterwhoworksinahospital.我有一个在医院工作的姐姐。（限制性定语

30、从句）ihaveaneldersister,whoworksinahospital.我有一个姐姐，她在一家医院工作。（非限制性定语从句）精品文档精品文档1非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。2引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语；关系副词有when，where等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。asisknown,stephenchow,whowasborninhongkong,isoneoftheworldsgreatestactorsinmanyofhisf

31、ilms,hemadetheaudiencelaughwithinterestingstories,whichhemadeupalmosthimself.lastsunday,whenitwasrainingalltheday,hecametoourcity,wherehereceivedawarmwelcome.【提示】（1）关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。（2）在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作宾语时不能省略。（3）关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句，但可用forwhich代替3使用非限制性定语从句的常见情况：（1）先行词是表示独一无二的事物时。themoon,whichd

32、oesntgiveoutlightitself,isonlyasatelliteoftheearth.（2）先行词是表示类属的事物时。football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.（3）先行词是专有名词时。theneil,whichusedtofloodeveryyear,nowrunsmoreregularlybelowthedam.（4）先行词是表示人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语时，主句和定语从句之间含有对比的意思，这种情况下多用which引导。mikesbrotherisapoliceman,whi

33、chheisnt.（5）先行词为整个句子时，引导词只能用as或which。但是二者也有区别：as有正如、像等意思，可以置于句首，句中或句末。as后常接expect，know,report,say,see等动词的主动或被动语态句。如：aswasexpected(不出所料)，asismentionedabove（正如上面所提到的）等which可用andthis/that/it代替，有因此，这样，这就使得，这一点等意思，常置于主句之后。【提示】as也可用在限制性定语从句中，多和such，so或thesame连用，构成such/soas和thesameas结构suchbooksasihavereada

34、reenglishnovels.我所读过的书都是英语小说。（as作宾语）（6）当定语从句中的名词、代词与先行词存在部分与整体的关系，用+介词+关系代词which/whom表示时反意疑问句反意疑问句有两部分组成：前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简短的疑问句，两部分的人称、时态应保持一致。1反意疑问句的构成（1）陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分否定式theyworkhere,dontthey?精品文档精品文档（2）陈述部分否定式+疑问部分肯定式theoldmanwouldntbelieveyou,wouldhe?（3）陈述部分肯定式+疑问部分肯定式haveacupoftea,willyou?【提示】（

35、1）若陈述部分含有seldom,hardly,never,few,nothing等否定词或半否定词，其疑问部分要用肯定式shesaidnothing,didshe?（2）若陈述部分含有带否定前缀如un-,im-,dis-的词，疑问部分仍用否定式itisimpossible,isntit?2反意疑问句的用法（1）省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用willyoudontdothatagain,willyou?gowithme,willyou/wontyou?lets开头的祈使句，后用shallwe；letus开头的祈使句，后用willyouletsgoandlistentothemusic,

36、shallwe?letuswaitforyouinthereadingroom,willyou?（2）陈述部分为主从复合句的反意疑问句。当陈述部分为主从复合句时，疑问部分一般应与主句保持一致hesaidthathedidntlikeit,didnthe?heknowswhereilive,doesnthe?当陈述部分为i/wethink(believe,suppose)that等时，疑问部分通常与从句的主谓保持一致（注意否定的转移）ithinkthatitistoosmart,isntit?idontthinkhewillcome,willhe?（3）陈述部分是im时，疑问部分通常用arent

37、i。imwrong,arenti?imolderthanyou,arenti?（4）当陈述部分的主语为somebody,someone,everyone,everybody,noone,nobody等复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语在正式文体中用he，在口语或非正式文体中通常用they。但当陈述部分的主语是something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语用it。nobodywaslate,werethey?nothingisimportant,isit?（5）当陈述部分含有must时，要分两种情况若must表示必须或有必要，疑问部

38、分用mustnt或needntyoumustleaveatonce,mustnt/needntyou?但是当陈述部分有mustnt表示禁止时，疑问部分用mustyoumustntlaugh,mustyou?若must表示推测，疑问部分不能用must，而应根据must后的动词采用相应的助动词来构成反意疑问句hemustbetired,isnthe?youmusthavestudiedenglishforfiveyears,haventyou?精品文档精品文档你肯定需哦过五年英语，不是吗？（对过去发生的动作持续到现在的情况进行推测）youmusthavefinishedthatnovelyesterday,didntyou?你昨天一定完成了那部小说，不是吗？（对过去情况的推测）（6）当陈述部分为therebe句型时，疑问部分仍用theretherewasnothingintheroom,wasthere?（7）当陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt+主语heusedtotakepicturesthere,didnthe/usednthe?【真题回放】1()tedcamefortheweeken