Selenomethionine an Effective Selenium Source for Sow to Improve Se Distribution Offspring

1、Selenomethionine an Effective Selenium Source for Sow to Improve Se Distribution OffspringSelenomethionine:an Effective Selenium Sourcefor Sow to Improve Se Distribution,Antioxidant Status,and Growth Performance of Pig OffspringXiuan Zhan &Yanzhao Qie &Min Wang &Xing Li &RuQian ZhaoReceived:8July 20

2、10/Accepted:10August 2010/Published online:26August 2010#Springer Science+Business Media,LLC 2010Abstract The present study was to investigate the efficiency of maternal selenomethionine intake on growth performance,Se distribution,and antioxidant status of pig offspring by comparing with sodium sel

3、enite.A total of 12sows (LandraceYorkshire)with same pregnancy were randomly divided into two groups;each group was replicated six times.These two groups received the same basal gestation and lactation diets containing 0.04mg Se/kg,supplemented with 0.3mg Se/kg sodium selenite and selenomethionine (

4、i.e.,seneno-DL -methylseleno),respectively.The feeding trial lasted for 60days,with 32and 28days for gestation and lactation period,/doc/10e1a8007fd5360cba1adbb4.htmlpared with sodium selenite,maternal selenomethionine intake significantly (p DOI 10.1007/s12011-010-8817-8X.Zhan (*

5、):Y .Qie :X.LiFeed Science Institute,College of Animal Science,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029,People s Republic of Chinae-mail:xazan/doc/10e1a8007fd5360cba1adbb4.htmlM.WangLaboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health,Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,The Chinese Academy of Sc

6、iences,Changsha 410125,People s Republic of ChinaR.ZhaoKey Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry,Ministry of Agriculture,Nanjing Agricultural482Zhan et al. increased Se deposition,antioxidant status,and nutrient use efficiency,thus providing an effective way to improve the growth performa

7、nce of piglets from birth to weaning. Keywords Selenomethionine.Sow.Maternal effect.Antioxidant status.Digestive enzymesIntroductionSelenium(Se)is an essential trace element for human and animal health1,2.Se source added to the animal diet can be categorized into inorganic Se and organic http:/www.d

8、/doc/10e1a8007fd5360cba1adbb4.htmlpared with inorganic Se,the organic Se possesses higher rate of absorption,tissue accumulation and antioxidant bioavailability,and lower toxicities and environmental pollution3,4. Thus,replacing conventional inorganic Se with organic Se has received more att

9、ention in recent years.Many researches indicated that the majority of the Se in organic Se of Se-enriched yeast is selenomethionine,a Se analog of methionine5,6.So,the selenomethionine may be more effective for the Se additive than organic Se-enriched yeast.Zhan et al.7reported that selenomethionine

10、 has excellent potential in depositing Se in tissues and enhancing the antioxidant status.The growth performance of piglets from1to21days,greatly affected by maternal effect,was one of the center issues for the animal industry and would have prolonged influence on later growth and metabolism of grow

11、ing and finishing pigs.The Se profile of piglets was affected by the sows body Se reserves,dietary Se concentration,and source of Se8,9.Many reports indicated that feeding organic Se-enriched yeast improved the amount of Se transferring from sows to pig offspring9,10.However,the extent of Se deposit

12、ion and antioxidant status in offspring was inconsistent for the different organic Se-enriched yeast sources,which contained different proportions of selenomethionine11.So, selenomethionine,a pure Se analog of methionine,may be superior to other Se sources. Maternal selenomethionine intake may have

13、a positive effect on the growth and metabolism of piglets.The present study was performed under the hypothesis of the superbiological effect of selenomethionine for transferring Se from sows to pig offspring by comparing with inorganic Se.The possible mechanisms underlying the positive effect of mat

14、ernal selenomethionine intake on the growth performance of piglets were also investigated. The Se content in colostrum and milk of sow were monitored.The Se and antioxidant status,thyroid hormones profile,and pancreatic digestive enzymes were also tested. Materials and MethodsAnimals and TreatmentsA

15、ll procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Zhejiang University.The experiment was conducted at Zhejiang University Institute of Feed Science.A total of12pregnant sows(LandraceYorkshire)were equally allotted to two groups,and were fed diets containing sodium sel

16、enite and selenomethionine.Sodium selenite and selenomethionine were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of corn.Both sodium selenite(white powder)and selenomethionine(seneno-DL-methylseleno) were purchased from Sigma(St.Louis,MO,USA),with product numbers S1382andSelenomethionine:an Effec

17、tive Selenium Source for Sow483 Six sows from each treatment were selected based on the similar party(i.e.,party3),body weight(about190kg),and pregnancy time at32days prepartum,and were kept individually in stainless steel cages in an environmentally controlled farrowing house.The sows were then fed

18、 with lactation diet containing their respective treatment until weaning at28days postpartum. Gestation and lactation diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements according to the National Research Council12except Se(Table1).The content of Se in the basal diet was0.04mg/kg,and addit

19、ional added Se of both Se sources was0.3mg/kg.The diets were fed three times per day(i.e.,0600,1200,and1700)and restricted to a certain amount of1.3 and2.0kg for gestation and lactation,respectively.There was no remnant during the whole experimental period.The sows had ad libitum access to water.Sam

20、pling and ProcessingThe colostrum was collected within1h after /doc/10e1a8007fd5360cba1adbb4.htmlk was collected at7,14,21,and 28days postpartum.Colostrum and milk were collected by the hand expression from several glands.Approximately20ml of colostrum and milk were collected each

21、 time,snap-frozen in liquid N,and stored at?20C before Se analysis.Table1Composition of the basal dietsItems Gestation FarrowIngredients(g/kg)Maize725675 Soybean meal150250 Middlings4040 Wheat bran500 Salt44 CaHPO41313 Limestone1212 Lys.HCl11 Vitaminmineral premix a55 Composition(analyzed except for

22、 digestible energy b)Digestible energy(MJ/kg)13.313.6 Crude protein(g/kg)136167 Easter extract(g/kg)30.929.1 Lysine(g/kg)8.09.3 Methionine+cystine(g/kg) 4.5 5.4 Threonine(g/kg) 5.1 6.5 Calcium(g/kg)8.18.3 Phosphorus(g/kg) 5.9 5.9Sodium selenite and selenomethionine were premixed in corn and added to

23、 the diets at0.3mg Se/kg to achieve the appropriate treatment levelsa Supplied the following per kilogram of diet:Fe80mg;Cu5mg;Mn20mg;Zn50mg;I0.14mg;vitamin A10,000U;vitamin D32,160U;vitamin E15mg;vitamin K31.7mg;vitamin B12mg;vitamin B25mg; vitamin B61.8mg;vitamin B120.02mg;calcium pantothenate10mg

24、;pan-calcium13.5mg;folic acid 1.0mg;biotin0.08mg484Zhan et al.The piglets were weighed at birth and weekly thereafter.At28days postpartum weaning day,six piglets from each treatment(one female piglet per litter)were selected based on similar body weight,fasted for12h,and then harvested under general

25、 anesthesia using halothane.All blood samples were collected and allowed to coagulate at room temperature for1h.Serum was separated by centrifugation at4C,1,000g for10min.The tissues of liver,kidney,pancreas, thymus and thyroid gland,and muscle were dissected out carefully,blotted free of blood,and

26、were placed in liquid nitrogen.Frozen tissues were stored at?20C before analysis.Biochemical AssaysThe Se content was determined by the method(ID number25.157)of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists13.Glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),superoxide dismutase (SOD),GSH,and malondialdehyde(MDA)we

27、re determined using a commercial kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute,Nanjing,China)according to the procedures of Paglia and Valentine14,Panckenko et al.15,Beutler et al.16,and Placer et al.17, respectively.Total antioxidant capability(T-AOC)was examined by commercial kits (Nanjing Jianc

28、heng Bioengineering Institute).The spectrometric method was applied to evaluate T-AOC.In the reaction mixture,ferric ion was reduced by antioxidant reducing agents and blue complex Fe2+TPTZ(2,4,6-tri2-pyridyl-s-triazine)is produced.The optical density was measured at520nm.One unit(U)of T-AOC was def

29、ined as the amount that increased the absorbance by0.01at37C.Data were expressed as units per milliliter ofserum.Triiodothyronine(T3)and thyroxine(T4)were measured by RIA according to procedures of the kits(Sigma-Aldrich).Pancreatic lipase(EC)and trypsin(EC )activities were measured a

30、ccording to the methodology described in the method of Erlanson-Albertsson et al.18.Pancreatic amylase(EC)activity was determined using a kit(No.700)from Sigma Chemical Company(Sigma-Aldrich).The activity of trypsin,amylase,and lipase is expressed as units(1U is defined as the amount of enzym

31、e that hydrolyses1mol of substrate per minute).StatisticsThe experimental data were analyzed with the GLM procedures of SAS(for Windows release6.04)and performed using one-way ANOV A procedure on files.A value of pResultsGrowth Performance of Pig OffspringCompared with the sodium selenite group,mate

32、rnal selenomethionine intake significantly (pColostrum and Milk Se ConcentrationCompared with the sodium selenite group,maternal selenomethionine intake significantlySelenomethionine:an Effective Selenium Source for Sow485 Table2Effect of different maternal Se sources intake on Se concentration in c

33、olostrum and milkSodium selenite SelenomethionineColostrum(g/ml)0.170.010.190.01* Milk(g/ml)7days0.150.010.180.01* 14days0.150.010.160.01*21days0.140.010.150.01*28days0.110.010.130.01* The Se sources were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of maize.Data were expressed as meansSD(n=6).*pi

34、ncrease were12.87%,14.13%,11.49%,7.06%,and21.21%in colostrum,and7,14,21, and28days in milk,respectively.Serum and Organ Selenium of Pig OffspringCompared with the sodium selenite group,maternal selenomethionine intake significantly (pAntioxidant Status of Pig OffspringCompared with the sodium seleni

35、te group,maternal selenomethionine intake generally increased the antioxidant status of piglets,which was exhibited as follows:significantly(pTable3Effect of different maternal Se sources intake on Se concentration in serum and organs of its offspringSodium selenite SelenomethionineSerum(g/ml)0.490.

36、030.620.04* Liver(g/g)0.460.030.700.03* Kidney(g/g) 2.330.05 2.490.05* Pancreas(g/g)0.350.020.540.03* Muscle(g/g)0.170.010.230.02* Thymus(g/g)0.150.010.160.01* Thyroid gland(g/g)0.130.010.150.01*The Se sources were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of maize.Data were expressed as meansS

37、D(n=6)486Zhan et al. Pancreas Digestive Enzyme Activities of Pig OffspringCompared with the sodium selenite group,maternal selenomethionine intake significantly (pThyroid Hormone Profile of Pig OffspringCompared with the sodium selenite group,maternal selenomethionine intake significantly(pSelenium

38、was recognized as a dietary essential for animals.Proper Se intake would have positive effects on the growth performance of animals for improved health,but excessive Se intake would lead to negative effects19.It was reported that Se injections(0.05mg Se/ kg BW as selenite)improved gain in calves fro

39、m birth to70days of age20.In our study, the average daily growth of piglets was greatly increased in the selenomethionine-treated group.However,many literatures reported that maternal Se-enriched yeast intake showed little effect to improve the growth performance of its offspring when compared with

40、inorganic Se resource9,10,21,22.We concluded that selenomethionine exhibited higher efficiency on absorption and utilization efficiency than Se-enriched yeast and sodium selenite,and could provide one of the effective additives for sows to improve the growth performance of piglets before weaning.It

41、was widely reported that organic Se had a higher bioavailability than inorganic Se for the Se deposition in the tissue.Zhan et al.7reported that selenomethionine was more effectively Table4Effect of different maternal Se source intake on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the serum of its offs

42、pringTreatment T-AOC(U/ml)GSH-Px(U/ml)SOD(U/ml)GSH(mg/l)MDA(nmol/ml)Liver Sodium selenite12.122.407.990.6999.854.6674.659.9614.891.02 Selenomethionine16.612.68*9.070.61*98.344.1283.3711.5513.731.79* Kidney Sodium selenite15.751.9144.353.7748.632.9227.504.07 6.080.54 Selenomethionine20.372.15*49.934.

43、09*49.043.8232.503.32* 5.410.46* Pancreas Sodium selenite13.452.6110.361.0429.982.1211.411.93 3.430.73 Selenomethionine28.603.62*12.731.56*37.351.66*26.372.05* 2.560.37* Muscle Sodium selenite24.331.81 5.901.2598.657.2040.784.5716.311.08 Selenomethionine27.883.15*7.240.76*115.805.77*49.686.11*14.921

44、.14 Serum Sodium selenite16.792.151,113.8060.9992.716.0210.021.377.480.60 Selenomethionine21.693.13*1,286.2166.94*101.275.78*13.011.67* 6.950.49The Se sources were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of maize.Data were expressed as meansSD(n=6)T-AOC total antioxidant capability,SOD supero

45、xide dismutase,GSH-Px glutathione peroxidase,GSH glutathione,MDA malondialdehydeSelenomethionine:an Effective Selenium Source for Sow487 Table5Effects of different maternal Se source intake on pancreas digestive enzyme activities of the offspringSodium selenite SelenomethionineAmylase(U/mg protein)0

46、.280.050.420.07* Trypsin(U/mg protein)1,037.54107.801,220.30116.26* Lipase(U/g protein)351.3732.92403.6138.40*The Se sources were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of maize.Data were expressed as meansSD(n=6)*pused for animals than sodium selenite.The possible mechanism was that selenom

47、ethionine could be incorporated by two ways:firstly,through GSH-Px;and secondly,through sulfur metabolites of methionine.However,inorganic Se could only be incorporated into GSH-Px. In the present study,selenomethionine showed to be more effective than sodium selenite to improve the Se concentration

48、 in colostrum and milk of the sows.The results were in agreement with previous literatures,which indicated that organic Se-enriched yeast caused greater Se content in the colostrum and milk of sows than inorganic Se source8,9.This response was attributed to the selenomethionine contribution from the

49、 organic Se-enriched yeast6.More selenomethionine would be absorbed into milk protein than sodium selenite because milk protein contained much methionine and cells could not discern the difference between methionine and selenomethionine.The Se element has a function of transferring Se from sows to i

50、ts pig offspring.Yoon and McMillan10reported that there were no differences in serum Se concentration of pigs from sows fed with any Se source.Mahan and Peters9reported that organic Se showed a higher potential to improve the Se status in the piglet.These inconsistent results might be due to the dif

51、ferent biological organic Se-enriched yeast sources with widely varied selenomethionine concentration11,23.For example,the selenomethionine concentrations were40%and more than70%and90%in the reports of Kelly and Power 6,Mahan and Kim24,and Schrauzer25,respectively.In our study,selenomethionine exhib

52、ited to be more effective to increase the Se content in all tissues of serum,liver, kidney,pancreas,muscle,and thymus and thyroid gland in weaned pigs at28days. Research on calves also showed that the calves from cows fed with Se-enriched yeast had greater blood Se concentration at birth than calves

53、 from cows fed sodium selenite22,26. We attributed the elevated Se level in the organs of weaned pigs to two reasons for the selenomethionine-treated group:firstly,the born pigs had the higher tissue Se because of Table6Effects of different maternal Se source intake on thyroid hormones profile of it

54、s offspringSodium selenite SelenomethionineT3(nmol/l) 1.240.08 1.410.11* T4(nmol/l)66.924.0461.283.65* T4/T353.962.4343.353.36*The Se sources were added to the diet at0.3mg Se/kg at the expense of maize.Data were expressed as meansSD(n=6)T3triiodothyronine,T4thyroxinethe higher inherited Se from the

55、 sow as conceptus at birth;and secondly,colostrum and milk of sow transferred more Se to its offspring.The Se concentrations in the organs are widely varied in different tissues 27.Literatures reported that kidney,liver,and muscle had decreasing ability of depositing Se content 7,28,29.In the presen

56、t study,maternal selenomethionine or sodium selenite intake hardly changed the distribution of Se concentration in different tissues of piglets.The Se content in different organs is listed as follows:the highest in kidney,intermediate in liver and pancreas,and least in the muscle,and thymus and thyr

57、oid gland.The Se is an important component of selenoprotein enzyme (i.e.,GSH-Px)in mammalian tissues.It is widely accepted that proper Se intake improved the antioxidant status of the body in any form of Se.In general,organic Se-enriched yeast showed more potential to improve the antioxidant status

58、than inorganic Se 30,31.Zhan et al.7reported that selenomethionine was superior to improve antioxidant status in finishing pigs when compared with sodium selenite.However,the effect of different maternal Se source intake on the antioxidant status of its offspring remains unclear (Fig.1).Some studies indicated that serum GSH-Px activity of piglets was not affected by the supplemental maternal Se source,although greater transfer of Se to their progeny was observed 8,10,21,while Gunter et al.22reported that feeding seleno-yeast in cows significantly inc