牛津高中英语模块3.4语法内容.

1、精品好资料学习推荐定语从句1. 定语从句的结构及理解2. 定语从句的关系词的使用3. 定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳(一 定语从句的结构:在复合句中, 修饰某个名词或代词的句子 (做这个名词 或代词的定语 叫定语从句, 定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面, 被修 饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词, 它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接, 这 个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that, which, who, whose, when, where, why。先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地 点,原因状语。结构:先行词 +关系词 +定语从句。1. There she

2、saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that

3、helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story. (

4、二定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句:限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明, 缺少它, 则句义显得不 完整,从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明, 解释, 它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。 1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, who

5、se beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.(三 关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词, 这些关系词在介词后 面常用 which 或 whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and fin

6、ally the manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点(一当先行词有最高级,序数词修饰,是不定代词,或是 all, no, only等形式 时,关系代词一般用 that ,而不能用 which 。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been

7、built at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.(二 当先行词是表示时间, 地点, 原因的词时, 关系词用 when, where, why 还 有 which, that1. Im very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he

8、 didnt tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.(三定语从句的简化表达:1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discuss

9、ed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明:以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来:1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You a

10、re welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明:修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外, 还可以用非谓语动词形式:doing 短语, done 短语, being done短语, to be done短语修饰。 其结构和意思如下:1. 被修饰名词 +doing短语:正在做 . 的人 /正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词 + done短语:被 . 的人 /事3. 被修饰名词 +being done短语:正在被 . 的人 /事4. 被修饰名词 + to be done短语:将要被 . 的人 /事(1 Do you know the man

11、 talking to my sister ?(2 The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.(3 Did you see that car being repaired ?(4 In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.(5 The students to attend the meeting will

12、 arrive here tomorrow.(6 Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.(7 The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结:以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词, 不定式的各种形式作 定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。 如果单独一个 V-ing 或 V-ed 形式 作定语,则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时,

13、 其动作应与全句动作同时发生。 V-ing 表示主动意义和正在做, V-ed 表示被动意义。 being done表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的, to be done表示将要被做的情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点:情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用:(一用情态动词表达事实的推测。 can , could , might , may , must 可以用来 表达对事实的推测。 根据说话人对事实的把握性大小, must 表示 “ 肯定 ” , may / might / can / could表示

14、“ 可能 ” , must 只用于肯定句中, may / might的否 定式 may not / might not表示 “ 可能不 ”, 而 can / could可以用于疑问句, 表示 “ 可能, 可能 吗 ?” , 其否定式 cant / couldnt 表示 “ 不可能 ” 。 用情态动词 可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。 (二对现在的事实进行推测:主要结构:must / may / might +动词原形be+名词 /形容词 /介词短语be + doing例句:1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. W

15、e used to know each other very well.2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8.

16、He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?(三对过去的事实进行推测:结构:情态动词 +have done / been+名词 /形容 词 /介词短语例句:1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone

17、abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气:表达 “ 本来 ” , “ 不然早就 ” 。这是情态动词的一种虚 拟语气用法。 表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。 表达了说话人的埋怨, 后 悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意 思,有如下结构:should have done / ought to have done:本应该 shou

18、ldnt have done / oughtnt to have done:本不该 could have done:本来可以 neednt have done:本来没必要 would like to have done:本来很想 would rather not have done: 本来不愿意 could / might / have done: 不然早就 例句:1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictio

19、nary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but fo

20、r the rescue in time.知识难点:某些情态动词的特殊用法:need 和 dare 的两种形式的用法need 和 dare 可以用做实义动词,后面接不定式(to do结构,在疑问句和否 定句中,加助动词 do/does/did/或 dont/doesnt/didnt 。作为情态动词使用时, 主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词 neednt (没有必要,不必相当于 dont have to例句:1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? T

21、hank you, you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意:句型 I dare say+从句。 意思是:我肯定 = Im sure或 There is no doubt that+从句。例句:I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will 和 would表示 “ 意志 ” 或 “ 愿意 ” , would 则指过去愿意做 例句:1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you wi

22、ll accept this job.would 可以表达 “ 过去习惯做 ” 类似于 “used to do”例句:1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river. 表示请求, 固定的句型:Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do? 例句:Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一,三人称,表示 “ 请求 ” ; “ 建议 ” 或 “ 推荐

23、 ”例句:1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称,表示 “ 命令, “ 要求 ” , “ 许诺 ”例句:1. You shall take whatever you like.2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again. 在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中, 常用 can /cant /could / couldnt 表示,

24、 意思是:“ 可能 吗 ?” ; “ 不可能 ” 。而不能使用 mustnt 或 must 等词。与 it 有关的主要句型it 强调句型知识总结归纳:(一 it 用做形式主语或形式宾语:根据句子结构的需要, it 用做形式主语或形 式宾语,而真正的主语或宾语(to do 短语, doing 短语,名词性从句则放在 句尾。主要句型:Its +形容词 /名词 +连词 +名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.find / make / think / feel it +形容词 /名词 +连词 +名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.例句:1. It will become m

25、ore and more important to have a good knowledge of English .2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs .3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going there so early.5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.6. Didnt I make it clear to you t

26、hat I was not coming ?7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.(二其他句型1. It takes+时间段 +sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示 “ 据说,据报道, /人们认为 /相信 /建议等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句:1. It generally takes time to reach this point being on the same wavelength .2. It i

27、s believed that the two children went off exploring(探险 on their own and get stuck on the cliff .3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem .4. It was once predicted(预测 that British and American English would become separate languages finally .(三 it 在强调句型中:在英语中, 为了突出强调句子的某一

28、个成分 (谓语除外 , 达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。It is / was+被强调的部分 +that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+时间 +that+句子的其他部分。例句:1. I saw John on my way to school this morning.It was John who/that I saw on my way to school this morning.It was on my way to school that I saw John this morning.It was this

29、morning that I saw John on my way to school.2. It was his best suit that John wore to the dance last night.3. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.4. It was the strange way things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that frightened me so much .5. It was the kindness a

30、nd sympathy in their eyes that prevented me from doing so .知识难点:(一 注意强调句型的变形, 即以一般疑问句或特殊疑问句的形式出现的强调句 型。1. What is it that Joe cant find in the bathroom ?2. Where was it that you met the foreign guests from Australia?3. I cant quite remember when it was that we married.4. Was it because he was very i

31、ll that he asked for leave?(二是强调句型还是 that 主语从句或其他复合句1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.2. It is these poisonous products that can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.3. It was almost ten oclock when our soldiers came back from t

32、he front.4. Was it in this place that the last king died ?(三注意强调句型中被强调部分带有定语从句Was it at the air battle on June 8, 1944, which was led by Captain Johnson that Peter lost his life.知识总结归纳(一概述:主语与谓语的一致:在英语表达中, 谓语动词的形式要和主语的人称和数保持一 致。主要体现在 be 动词,助动词 do, have 以及一般现在时态中的动词形式。 谓语动词与主语保持一致的基本原则:语法一致,就近一致和意义一致

33、。名词或代词做主语有人称和单,复数之分,动词的单数就是第三人称单数形式, 而动词的复数形式即动词的原形。例句:1. I am seventeen, and he is sixteen.2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.3. John gets up at six oclock every morning.4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.(

34、二语法一致:1. 由 and 连接的两个名词或代词做主语:(1这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物,谓语动词用复数形式。 例句: My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.(2这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一

35、个人或一个完整的事物,谓语 动词用单数形式。例句: The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. Law and order has been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and

36、 chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.(3 这部分主语前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时, 谓语动词一般用单 数形式。例句: Each doctor and(each nurse was given a new shirt. No sound and no voice is heard. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second

37、 is precious.2. 动名词,不定式,主语从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例句: Reading is a great pleasure in life. To live means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is needed is food and medicine.3. 表示时间,金钱,距离,重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时,被视为一个整 体,谓语动词用单数形式。例句: Three thousand miles is a long distance. Eight hours of sleep is en

38、ough.4. 不定代词 anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例句: Is anybody going to tell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.(三就近原则由连词 or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, 连接的两个名词或代词 做主语时,谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句:1. Either yo

39、u or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.4. George or Tom is wanted.注意:There be句型中 be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句:1. There arent any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名词后面带有 with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well