美国文学整理(终)

1、美国文学 一、单选(10/20) 二、True or false(10/10) 三、填空(15/15) 四、根据一段作品内容节选，写出该作品的作品名及作家(5/10) 五、简答(5/25) 六、文学评论(20) 简答题： 1. 欧文的重要地位是什么？ Washi ngton Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. 超验主义 America n Transcenden talism

2、 I. Backgro und: four sources 1. Un itaria nism (1) Fatherhood of God (2) Brotherhood of men (3) Leadership of Jesus (4) Salvation by character (perfection of one s character) (5) Con ti nued progress of mankind (6) Divinity of mankind (7) Depravity of mankind 2. Roma ntic Idealism Cen ter of the wo

3、rld is spirit, absolute spirit (Ka nt) 3. Orien tal mysticism Cen ter of the world is“ oversoul ” 4. Purita nism Eloque nt expressi on in transcenden talism II. Appeara nee 1836,“ Nature ” by Emerson III. Features 1. spirit/oversoul 2. importa nee of in dividualism 3. nature -symbol of spirit/God ga

4、rme nt of the oversoul 4. focus in in tuiti on (irrati on alism and subc on scious ness) IV. In flue nee 1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young n ati on and brought about the idea that huma n can be perfected by n ature. It stressed religious tolera nee, called to throw off shackles of

5、 customs and traditi ons and go forward to the developme nt of a new and distinctly American culture. 2. It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opport unity ofte n be came opport uni sm, and the desire to“ get on ” obscured the moral n ecessity for rising to

6、spiritual height. 3. It helped to create the first America n ren aissa neeone of the most prolific period in America n literature. V. Ralph Waldo Emers on 1. works (1) Nature (2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet 2. point of view (1) One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in

7、 the transcendence of the oversoul . (2) He regards n ature as the purest, and the most san ctify ing moral in flue nee on man, and advocated a direct in tuiti on of a spiritual and imma nent God in n ature. (3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he

8、 can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “ the infin itude of man”. (4) Everyone should un dersta nd that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. 3. aesthetic ideas (1) He is a complete man, an eter nal man. (2) True poet

9、ry and true art should ennoble. (3) The poet should express his thought in symbols. (4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself. VI. Henry David Thoreau 1. works (1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River (2) Walden (3) A Plea

10、for John Brown (an essay) 2. point of view (1) He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was veheme ntly outspoke n on the point. (2) He hated the huma n injustice as represe nted by the slavery system. (3) Like Emers on, but more tha n him, Thoreau saw n ature as a genuine

11、restorative, healthy in flue nee on man s spiri-belinwell (4) He has faith in the inner virtue and in ward, spiritual grace of man. (5) He was very critical of moder n civilizati on. (6) “ Simplicity simplify!” (7) He was sorely disgusted with“ theinundations of the dirty institutions of men s odd-f

12、ellow society ”. (8) He has calm trust i n the future and his arde nt belief in a new gen erati on of men. 3. 清教主义(Puritanism) 1. features of Purita nism (1) Predesti nati on: God decided everyth ing before things occurred. (2) Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin c

13、an be passed dow n from gen erati on to gen erati on. (3) Total depravity (4) Limited atonement: Only the“ elect ” can be saved. 2. In flue nee (1) A group of good qualities hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) in flue need America n literature. (2) It led to the everlasting m

14、yth. All literature is based on a myth-garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the

15、rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct in flue nee of the Bible. 4欧亨利短篇小说特点（第二册P53） their wit. Wordplay warm characterizati on Clever twist endin gs, O. Henry endin g. witty n arrati on 5. Henry James （美国人的命运）？ ？ （1）Aesthetic ideas a. The aim of n

16、o vel: represe nt life b. Common, even ugly side of life c. Social function of art d. Avoid ing omni scie nt point of view （2）Point of view a. Psychological an alysis, forefather of stream of con scious ness b. Psychological realism c. Highly-refi ned Ian guage （3）Style - “ stylist ” a. Lan guage: h

17、ighly-refi ned, polished, in sightful, accurate b. Vocabulary: large c. Con struct ion: complicated, in tricate 二、称号性评价 (John Smith)约翰史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 (Thomas Paine)托马斯 潘恩 美国独立之父 the father of Americanrevolution (Philip Freneau-1752-1832)菲利普 弗伦诺-a poet of the American Revolution ，美国诗歌之 父 (Washington I

18、rving-1783-1859) 华盛顿 欧文 美国文学之父，美国短篇小说之父 Natha niel Hawthor ne纟纳撒尼尔 霍桑 huma n soul first great America n writer of fictio n 象征主义大师 Walt Whitman 沃尔特 惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加爱伦坡侦探小说之父 炉边诗人 Fireside Poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利 沃兹沃思 朗费 the first poet to write the narrative

19、poems Ezra Pou nd埃兹拉庞德诗人，美国意象派诗歌的创始人。 Euge ne ONeill尤金奥尼尔美国戏剧之父 三、1.Thomas Pai neThe America n Crisis 2. Natha niel Hawthorne（主题） ?Hawthor ne showed a great in terest in the problems sin and evil. ? To Hawthor ne evil existed in the huma n heart and every one possessed some evil secret. ? Most of hi

20、s works dealt with evil such as poisoning, murder, adultery, and crime. 3. Ralph Waldo Emerson （文章各自的影响力）第一册 P139 WorksNature Plai n, brevity, direct 5. Local Color I. Appeara nee 1. uneven developme nt in economy in America 2. culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists 3. magaz ines ap

21、peared to let writer publish their works II. What is “ Local Colour ”？ Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depict ion disti nguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. Regional literature (similar, but larger in world) Garlan

22、d, Harte -the west Egglest on -In dia na Mrs Stowe Jewett -Maine Chop in - Louisia na 6. Gilded Age(暂无) 7. 作者笔名与原名 Mark Twain-Samuel Lan ghor ne Cleme ns O.Henry-William Sid ney Porter Diedrich Kn ickerbocker- Wash ington Irving 8. 新英格兰文学的影响(见教材第一册P3) 9. 时代代言人 Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人 M

23、ark Twa in美国现实主义 F. Scott Fitzgerald 被视为早期”爵士时代”的文学代言人了不起的盖茨比 Ernest Hemingway, 迷惘的一代的代表人物 四、对作家及其作品的评价 Wash in gton Irving华盛顿欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为美国文学之父”美国短 篇小说之父”. James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯 费尼莫尔 库珀，美国首位重要长篇小说家。 开创了以 皮 裹腿故事集为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是最后的莫西干人。开创 了航海小说体裁。 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫？沃尔多？爱默生，美国19世纪著名哲学家、作家、 诗人、超 验主义代表人物。 论自然 Nature (the man ifesto of America n transcenden talism) 论美国学者“The American Scholar (America s Declaration of Intellectu