现代英语词汇学概论2 morphological structure of English words

1、 现代英语词汇学概论 Lexicology Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words 英语词汇的形态结构 n2.1 Morphemes 词素 /语素/ 形位 n2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 How is an English word formed? nE.g. disagreeable disagreeable (by letter) dis a gree a ble (by syllable) dis + agree + able (by morpheme) nWhat is the d

2、ifference between “morpheme” and “syllable”? nSyllable: has nothing to do with meaning Morpheme: two-facet both sound and meaning 2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形 位 1. The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体 back 2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 Questions: n1. What is “Morpheme”? What

3、is the relation between “morpheme” and “word”? * n2. What are “Allomorphs” * nMorpheme= morph + eme form + the smallest unit nMorpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language smallest: not divisible into smaller forms meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical) e.g. denationaliz

4、ation denationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation nA morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning back Allomorphs: nvarious shapes or forms of a morpheme ndo not differ in meaning or function nconditioned by position or adjoining sounds back nE.g. book books /-s/ pig pigs /-z/ horse

5、 horses /-iz/ nE.g. perfect, responsible, logical, flexible perfect imperfect responsible irresponsible logical illogical flexible inflexible nE.g. invent invention describe description justify justification modernize modernization expand expansion decide decision omit omission back 2.2 Classificati

6、on of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 2.2.1 Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 Questions: n1. What is “free morpheme”? n2. What is “bound morpheme”? n3. How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word? What is “free morphem

7、e”? Free morpheme: none that can be uttered alone with meaning nA free morpheme is a word. E.g. green, red, write, faith What is “bound morpheme”? Bound morpheme: ncannot stand by itself as a complete utterance nappear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receive re-ceive back How do

8、es a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word? E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia ngreen (free) ngreen-house (free + free) ngreen-ness (free + bound) n dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound) nre-ceive (bound + bound) nen-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound) Not

9、e: A free morpheme is a word. back 2.2.2 Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 Questions: n1. What is “root ”? The classification of “root”? n2. What is “affix ”? The classification of “affix”? What are the differences between “inflectional affixes” and “derivational affixes”? n3. In what two ways are derivationa

10、l affixes classified? back What is “root ”? Root: nthe basic unchangeable part of a word, n conveying the main lexical meaning of the word. The classification of “root”? n1. Free root (自由词根) n2. Bound root（粘着词根） E.g. 1) work, workable, worker, worked, working 2) contain, detain, retain 3) conceive,

11、deceive, receive 4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid n1) work, workable, worker, worked, working (free) n2) contain, detain, retain tain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound) n3) conceive, deceive, receive ceive= capere (L) = to take (bound) n4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid vit, viv = li

12、fe / to live (bound) back nVital: necessary in order to stay alive -al: pertaining to = have a connection with vital = having a connection with life nVivacous: adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively -ous: full of vivacous = full of life (energy) nVivid: producing sharp clear pictures in

13、the mind; lifelike -id: having a certain quality vivid = having a certain quality of life What is “affix ”? Affix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme The classification of “affix” n1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀) n2. Derivational affixes（派生词缀） I

14、nflectional affixes(屈折词缀): to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 特点： 1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning 2. having only particular grammatical meaning 3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)

15、 E.g. nPlural marker: pens, oxen, feet nGenitive case: James nVerbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, said nComparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest Derivational affixes（派生词缀）: to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word 特点： 1. to derive a new word 2. having a specific le

16、xical meaning (some also affective meaning) 3. some to be attached to words of different word classes e.g. nMini-car nmean-ness nModern-ize nSocial-ism nPro-communist nDe-code nDe-value nWash-able nHaving pejorative or derogatory meaning mis- mal-absorption pseudo-democratic hire-ling weak-ling chil

17、d-ish 派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes 1) By linguistic origin: nNative affixes nForeign affixes 2) By productivity: nProductive/living affixes nUnproductive/dead affixes Review 2.Morphological Structure of English Words 英语词汇的形态结构 2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes”

18、词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 free root and bound root inflectional affixes and derivational affixes n1. A free morpheme is a word. n2. A word is a free morpheme. n3. A free morpheme is a root.

19、 n4. A root is a free morpheme. n5. A bound morpheme is an affix. n6. An affix is a bound morpheme. nT F T F F T n1. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single_ morpheme. A. affix B. root C. free D. bound n2. All of them are meaningful except for_. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph n3. Structurally a _ is the smallest meaningful unit of a language