实例3：时空文化差异与跨文化交际

1、XXX ： 认真看过你的文章，觉得问题不少。总的来看，整篇文 章的论证过程较为混乱，不少观点尚值商榷（其中较为严重 之处详见文中 黄色字 批语）；其次，整篇文章似乎是在简单 罗列别人的观点，重点不够突出，结构更像是教科书而不大 像一篇学术论文，除了结论部分，似乎很少有属于自己论述 的东西（我指的是内容而不是语言问题） 。也正因如此，结 论显得较为突然但又苍白无力。 语言表达问题相当严重。主要体现在总体表达不够流 畅，翻译腔太浓；词语搭配过于随意；词性不分。建议你请 个写作语言功底较好的同学帮你重新修改、润色，切切！ 注：文中 紫色字 是我已为你改好的部分，可不必再改， 但也要认真看一看，对于你

2、自己写作的提高应该是有帮助 的。 红色字 部分是有较严重错误的或是我不明就理的地方， 望你认真修改。 绿色字 部分内容涉及到文章中的格式问题， 不符合学术论文的写作规范，也望修改为盼。 顺祝假日快乐！ 黄清贵 Time and Space Cultural Differences and Inter-Cultural Communication Abstract: Time and space behaviorsmake greatest difference and sensitivity in the intercultural communication. Due to the diff

3、erences of ways of thinking, people of different cultures have different attitudes to time and space when they communicate with each other. Thus, the paper studies not only Chinese ethicalattitude to time and space and the attitude to time and space in other cultural background, but also the similar

4、ities and differences between them. It well reacts on both promoting the intercourse between Chinese and western countries and reducing the number of lapsus in the intercultural communication. The paper leads us to comprehend more correctly and deeply and to master comparatively correct and moderate

5、 time and space behaviorsin the intercultural communication. Key words: Intercultural communication; attitude to time; attitude to space; cultural differences 1. Introduction As we all know, different countries have different cultures. Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distingu

6、ishes the members of one category of people from one another. (Hofstede, 1991) The world today is characterized by an ever growing number of contacts resulting in communication between people with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This communication takes place because of contacts withi

7、n the areas of business, military cooperation, science, education, mass media, entertainment, tourism but also because of immigration brought about by labor shortage or political conflicts. In all these contacts, there is communication which needs to be as constructive as possible, without misunders

8、tandings and breakdowns. It is our belief that research on the nature of linguistic and cultural similarities and differences here can play a positive and constructive role. (Prof. Jens Allwood , Journal of Intercultural Communication) Time and space differencesin the non-verbal communication play a

9、n important role in the inter-cultural communication. Different concepts of both time and space among different cultures definitely influence the communication on business, technology, and even life. To improve intercourses between Chinese and foreigners, the paper studies the characteristics of tim

10、e and space concepts in both China and foreign nations, and leads us to comprehend more correctly and deeply and to master comparatively correct andmoderate time and space behaviorisn the intercultural communication. 2. The actuality on research of the thesis 2.1 Characteristics and cultural differe

11、nces of attitudes to time in both China and western countries 2.1.1 The differenceof time seriation While learning foreign languages, we find that there is a great difference between people from western countries and Chinese people on the case of time seriation. In China, we arrange the date as the

12、order of Year, Month, Day, while they arrange the date as the order of Day, Month, Year or Month, Day, Year. 2.1.2 The difference of time tropism China is a society, which is directed by traditions . The traditional ideologies and thought ways is still used nowadays, and they are widely identified a

13、s well as they are criterions of peoples behaviors. As a result, whatever we do, we would rather consider that whether we did do it ever before , what did we learn from it (the successful experiences or the lectures); we usually evaluate what we do nowadays on the basis of the foretime experience. S

14、o absolutely obeying the rules becomes Chinese social criterion (norms?). As for people from western countries, regression has no outlet, there is a hope only if they forthcome . As a result, the people from western countries hold the future time tropism . They believe that the life will be better i

15、n the future. People from western countries don trespect teachers and the seniors as much as Chinese people do, because they think that the age and experience count for nothing and are not worthwhile . They seldom obey the rules or adore their ancestors absolutely, and they dont even believe in the

16、fate, however, they would rather concentrate on finishing what they have planed in the near future. This is the reason why people from western countries prefer diversification and innovation.(Zheng Hua, Mar, 2003) 2.1.3 The differe nces of attitudesto pun ctuality There are big differe nces of attit

17、udes to pun ctuality in differe nt cultures American Anthropologist Hall developed the classification of time as a form of com muni cati on. Hall proposed that cultures orga nize time in one of two ways: either monochronic (M-time) of polychronic (P-time) ( Adapted from Larry A. Samovar, Richard E.

18、Porter and Lisa . A. Stefani Communication Between CulturesM, 170). M-time is characteristic of people from Germany, Australia, Switzerland, and America. As the word monochronic implies, this approach sees time as lineal, segme nted, and man ageable. Time is somethi ng we must not waste; we must be

19、doing someth ing or we feel guilty. We behave as if time were tan gible: we talk of “avi ng time,” losing time,” or killing time.” The time clock records the hours we must work, the school bell moves us from class to class, and the cale ndar marks importa nt days and events in our lives. Appointment

20、s and schedules are very important to members of mono chro nic cultures.( Larry A.Samovar,Richard E.Porter and Lisa A.Stefani Communication Between CulturesM, 170 People from cultures on P-time live their live their lives quite differently. P-time cultures, for example, deal with time holistically.

21、They can in teract with more tha n one person or do more than one thing at a time. They also take great stock in the activity that is occurri ng at the mome nt and emphasize people more tha n schedules： They do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments and therefore often break them. For P-

22、time cultures, time is less tangible; hence, feelings of wasted time are n ot as prevale nt as in M-time cultures. This leads, of course, to a lifestyle that is more spontan eousa nd un structured characteristics that often con fuse and frustrate America ns and other Westerners. ( Larry A.Samovar,Ri

23、chard E.Porter and Lisa A.Stefani Communication Between CulturesM, 170 Monochronic People Polychronic People Do one thing at a time. Do many thi ngs at on ce. Concen trate on the job. Are easily distracted and subject to in terrupti ons Take time commitme nts(deadli nes, schedules)seriously. Conside

24、r time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to the job. Are committed to people and human relatio nships. Adhere to pla ns. Change pla ns ofte n and easily. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Are more concerned with people close to them

25、 (family, frie nds, close bus in ess associates) tha n with privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Borrow and lend thi ngs ofte n and easily. Emphasize prompt ness Base prompt ness on the relati on ship. Areaccustomed toshort-term Have strong tendency to build lifet

26、ime relatio nshipsrelati on ships. Source: Adapted from Edward T. Hall a nd Mildred Reed Hall, Un dersta nding Cultural Differe nces: Germa ns, French and America ns(Yarmouth, ME: In tercultural Press, 1990), 15 In the daily life, Chinese make use of blur attitude to time on many occasions and appo

27、in ti ng dates but people from wester n coun tries eve n limit theappo inting times to some minutes.(Wang Zhiqiang, 2007) 2.2 Characteristics and cultural differe nces of attitudes to spacei n both China and wester n coun tries 2.2.1 Due to different cultures, peoples requirements of space and the c

28、om muni cat ing rules relati ng to space are differe nt-the differe nces of the bodys dista nee Chinese limit their own bounds to their bodies just like what people from south Europe, Arabia n and Japa nese do. Chin ese are used to con gested con diti on, and they won feel imp in ged eve n if they a

29、re butted by others. People from En glish speak ing coun tries enl arge their own bounds to the exterior of bodies, and con sider the action that others en ter this bound as being imp in ged. (Zhou Xiaodo ng/Fa ng fang, 2006) 2.2.2 Due to different cultures, peoples associations and feelings towards

30、 the bound of space are differe ndiffere nt attitudes to pers onal demes ne Chin ese are affected by other tropism and colony tropism, so Chin ese are used to think for others. In contrary, American are affected by individualism tropism, so they are lack of patienee and acceptanee that Chinese peopl

31、e have.(Zhou Xiaodong/Fang Fang, 2006) 2.2.3 There are many cultural differences of space angle and space order in the com muni cati ons. For example, while going dow nstairs, most En glishme n go in the front in order to protect ladies and children; but there is no such rules in China. Chin ese peo

32、ple are used to let it slide.(L in Dajin, Oct, 1996) 3. The research purport of the cultural differences of both attitudes to time and space we usually evaluate, according to the foretime, what we do nowadays.(Yang Xiaohong, July, 2001) Present time tropism In some cultures, people think the present

33、 time is the most important. Future time tropism Western people, especially Americans, keep future in mind, and future tropism is their significant attitude to value. The theory of original sin impacts western deeply. As to them, there is no outlet if they turn back, and there is the hope only if th

34、ey do their best to go forward and exceed themselves. Americans believe firmly that they will change the actualities if they work hard. As to those who have wills of iron and attic faith, nothing is impossible. In the contrary, failure indicates he/she doesnt do his/her best and the incompetent beha

35、ve. The future tropism toward time brings Americans achievements , development and higher living conditions. 3.2.1.2 Cultural attitude to time Cultural attitude to time, mainly refers to the way that 1)how people in different cultures regard time and 2)how people in a certain culture use the time. T

36、here are three cultural time systems in the world: technological time, formal time and informal time. Technological time It sthe time span measured by scientific methods, such as hour, minute, second and so on. Formal time It refers to that how do people in some certain cultures regard time. For exa

37、mple, the traditional Chinese calendar divides one year to “twenty-four fortnightly periods”, however, western people are used to regard ten years as a unit. The compound mode of formal time means to combine the time units in some certain cultures and make the mode valuable. We can define it through

38、 two factors: firstly, the time needs to be arranged. What time,how long ,time order, etc need to be scheduled and arranged; secondly, it is intended to regard time as the link that make things relative with one another. Things happening one after another, people usually look for the causal relation

39、ship through the time-lag between two things, and if the time-lag is comparatively long, people will not consider that they have some certain relationships.(Yang Xiaohong, July, 2001) Informal time Simply speaking, it is the time which people generally mention. The western culture (America, Germany,

40、 Switzerland, Britain, etc) regard time as the objective time, while others(China, Japan, Arabian nations, Africa, etc)consider the time as the subjective time.(Li Junwen, July, 2003) 3.2.1.2 The space factors in the intercultural communication We can use distance and space totransfer informations i

41、n the non-verbal behaviors, including the distance among speakers, and the use of space in the public, the office and at home As soon as the space and distance perform functions in the non-verbal communication, they will involve the concept of private space. It can be narrowly comprehended as the bo

42、und around our bodies, which are like intangible space. When the space is impingedand we feel uncomfortable, we normally will move up a little or change our seats or even make some radical actions.(Xu Xiaoqiu, Sep, 2001) For example, when I am on the train, one man is continuously coughing, I cant t

43、 help to keep some certain distance away from him to avoid the pollution from his spitting. The comprehension differences of The bound of home space among different cultures may easily bring misunderstanding. Asian people usually think that their own house is crowded and small, and may make American

44、 customers feel uncomfortable, so Asian hosts put them up in the restaurant, however, American customer will think that the hosts are keeping the communicating distance. sB ecause in their opinion, it is the best way to show their friendship that they hold the dinner at home for the friends. English

45、 people regard their houses as their castles and quite private places. Normally English people live in independent houses with a garden at the back yard instead of living in flats, and they would rather not share with others. So it is difficult for them to understand American living habits.( Xu Xiao

46、qiu, Sep, 2001) 3.2.1 The time and space attitudesinfluence on the intercultural communication The differences between eastern and western cultures bring people the differences of time using.(Feng Caiyan, 2006) The attitude to time of western people is tied in the attitude to money. “Time is money”r

47、uns deep in western peoples mind(Xu Xiaoqiu, Sep, 2001), so they form a good habit that they are always punctual for appointments. In western countries, one should tell the people whom he/she will visit beforehand or make an appointment in advance, and explain the purpose, fix the time and negotiate

48、 with each other over what place to meet. Chinese people use the polychronic time system.Unlike western people, some Chineseuse the time quite casually. Hence, western people are usually unaccommodated to it,and, as a result, cultural conflictsmay occur. British and American people have strong sense

49、 of time. Teachers ask the students to hand in the homework on Monday without delaying, and it is the so-called dead line.(Kong Yuhua, May, 2005) People who come from different culture backgrounds have different attitudes to space, which lead to different talking distances. American culture emphasiz

50、es individualism, whereas, Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism. Each nation has its own communicating distance. It indicates that the private territory is impinged if the habitual distance is break down. Many scholars refer to contact culture and noncontact culture when they are studying the so-

51、called space language. The former means that people are used to contact with others on the process of interpersonal interactions; the latter meansthat people are not used to contact with others on the process of interpersonal interactions. So if we dont know the difference, we probably will make int

52、er-cultural communication mistakes. 3.2.1 Proper ways to avoid the intercultural communication lapsus due to the cultural differences 3.2.1.1 Cultivate the non-verbal communicating ability. Nowadays, non-verbal communications show up in many occasions, especially communications about time and space.

53、 So, to improve ones non-verbal communicating ability, promotes he or she to contact with foreign cultures more accurately and effectively. 3.2.1.2 More intercultural communication text books are required to be published. As we know, in China, the test-oriented education is widely spread all over th

54、e country, hence, text books guide students to learn what knowledge they need to gain from class. In order to memorize the intercultural communication knowledge, they have to be given the exams and be tested the contents of the text books. And then step by step, they will receive some certain tests of practical abilities ab