GMAT研究生管理考试试题及答案：阅读理解

1、GMAT研究生管理考试试题及答案：阅读理解Rece nt years have brought mi nority-ow ned bus in esses inthe United States unprecedentedopportunitiesas well asnew and sig ni fica nt risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficul

2、ty establishi ng themselves in bus in ess is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subc on tractsthat are gen eratedby large compa ni es. NowCongress, in apparent agreement,has required by law thatbus in esses awarded federal con tracts of more tha n $500,000 do their best to find min orit

3、y subc on tractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the gover nmen t. I ndeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works con tracts to min ority en terprises.Corporate response appears to have been

4、 substantial.Accord ing to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporatecon tracts with mi no rity bus in esses rose from $77 millio n in 1972 to $1.1 billio n in 1977. The projected total of corporatecon tracts with min oritybus in esses for the early 1980 s isestimatedto be over 53 billionper

5、year with no letupan ticipated in the n ext decade. Promisi ng as it is for mi nority bus in esses, this in creased patr on age poses dan gers for them, too. First, min ority firms risk expa nding too fast and overexte nding themselves finan cially, si nee most are small con cer ns and, un like larg

6、e bus in esses, they often n eed to make substa ntial inv estme nts in new pla nts, staff, equipme nt, and the like in order to perform work subc on tracted to them. If, thereafter, their subc on tractsare for some reas on reduced,such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world o

7、f corporate purchasing can be frustratingfor smallen trepre neurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both con sumevaluabletime andresources, and a small company s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the bus in ess will suffer.A se

8、c ond risk is that White-ow ned compa nies may seekto cash in on the in creas ingapporti onmentsthroughformatio n of joi nt ven tures with mi nority-ow ned concerns. Of course, in many in sta nces there are legitimate reas ons for joi nt ven tures; clearly, White and mi nority en terprises can team

9、up (team up: v.(使)结成一队,合作,协作)to acquire bus in ess that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and min ority bus in ess owners have compla ined to Con gress about min orities being set up as“ fronts (a pers on, group, or thi ngused to mask the ide ntity or true character or activity of

10、 the actual con trolli ng age nt) ” with White backi ng, rather tha n being accepted as full part ners in legitimate joint ven tures.Third, a min ority en terprise that secures the bus in ess ofone large corporate customer ofte n runs the dan ger of becoming and remaining dependent.Even in the best

11、ofcircumsta nces, fiercecompetiti onfrom larger, moreestablished compa nies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guara nteed orders from a sin gle corporate ben efactor, they may truly have to struggle aga inst complace ncy aris ing from

12、their curre nt success.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) prese nt a com mon place idea and its in accuracies(B) describe a situati on and its pote ntial drawbacks(C) propose a temporary soluti on to a problem(D) an alyze a freque nt source of disagreeme nt(E) explore the implicati ons o

13、f a finding2. The passage supplies informationthat would answerwhich of the followi ng questi ons?(A) What federal age ncies have set perce ntage goals forthe use of min ority-ow nedbus in essesin public workscon tracts?(B) To which gover nmentage ncies must bus in essesawarded federal con tracts re

14、port their efforts to find mi no ritysubc on tractors?(C) How widespread is the use of minority-owned concerns as “fronts ” by White backers seeking to obtain subc on tracts?(D) How many more min ority-ow nedbus in esses werethere in 1977 than in 1972?(E) What is one set of conditionsunder which a s

15、mallbus in ess might find itself finan cially overexte nded?3. Accord ing to the passage, civil rights activists mai ntainthat one disadva ntage un der which min ority-ow ned bus in esses have traditi on ally had to labor (to suffer from some disadva ntage or distress“ labor un der a delusi on”)is t

16、hat theyhave(A) bee n especiallyvuln erabletogover nmen taimisma nageme nt of the economy(B) bee n denied bank loa ns at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors(C) not had sufficie ntopport unityto secure bus in esscreated by large corporati ons(D) not bee n able to advertise in those

17、media that reachlarge nu mbers of pote ntial customers(E) nothadadequatereprese ntatio nin thecen tersofgover nment power4. Thepassagesuggests that thefailureof a largebus in ess tohaveitsbidsfor subc on tractsresultquicklyinorders might cause it to(A) experie nee frustrati on but not serious finan

18、cial harm(B) face pote ntially crippli ng fixed expe nses(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the gover nment(D) in crease its spe nding with min ority subc on tractors(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal con tracts and subc on tracts5. The author implies that a min ori

19、ty-ow ned concern that does the greater part of its bus in ess with one large corporate customer should(A) avoid competition with larger, more established con cer ns by not expa nding(B) concen trate on securi ng eve n more bus in ess from that corporati on(C) try to expand its customer base to avoi

20、d becoming depe ndent on the corporati on(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the corporati on to other mi nority-ow ned concerns(E) use its in flue nee with the corporati on to promote subc on tract ing with other min ority concerns6. It can be inferred from the passage that, comparedwith th

21、e requirements of law, the percentagegoals set by“ some federal and local age ncies” (li nes 14-15) are(A) more popular with large corporati ons(B) more specific(C) less con troversial(D) less expe nsive to en force(E) easier to comply with7. Which of the followi ng, if true, would most weake n thea

22、uthor s assertion that, in the 1970 s, corporate response tofederal requireme nts (li nes 18-19) was substa ntial(A) Corporate con tracts with mino rity-ow ned bus in esses totaled $2 billio n in 1979.(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporatecon tracts withmin ority-ow ned bus in esses decli ned by 25 pe

23、rce nt.(C) The figures collected in 1977 underrepresentedtheexte nt of corporate con tracts with mi nority-ow ned bus in esses.(D) The estimate of corporatespe ndingwithmi nority-ow nedbus in esses in 1980 is approximately $10millio n too high.(E) The $1.1 billi on represe nted the same perce ntage of total corporate spe nding in 1977 as did $77 millio n in 1972.8. The author would most likely agree with which of the followingstatementsabout corporate response to workingwith mi nority subc on tractors?(A) Annoyedby theproliferationof “ front ”orga