四级英语作文经典辅导材料(1)

1、Writing Skills and PracticeContentsPart One Brief In troduction to College En glish Writi ng27Part TwoMethods of Develop ing ParagraplPart ThreeVarious Forms of Writ ingI F i- .(from appreciatio n to producti on)I r,Part Foury.Selected Model CompionsKI1 10.2121Part Five30A List of Most Commo nly Emp

2、loyed Sentence Patter nsCompiled by The First Secti on of Teachi ng and Research,Departme nt of CollegeEn glish Teach ing & Studies, Qin gdao Uni versityPart One Brief Introduction to College English WritingI. Format and General Requirements of College English Writing1. Format of College English Wri

3、tingIt is stipulated in College English Curriculum Requirements （大学英语课程教学要求）that college students should be able to write within 30 minutes a short composition of 120 words on a general topic or an outline. The composition should be basically complete in content, appropriate in dicti on and cohere n

4、t in discourse.More often than not, college students are expected to write compositions based on topic senten ces, outl ines give n in Chin ese, key words, visual aids or give n situati ons. Accord in gly, it is normally of great help to decide on what style （narration, exposition, description or ar

5、gumentation） to be employed to develop the whole essay, and then to determine the con troll ing idea contained in each of the topic senten ces/Chi neseoutl in es, or to state the controlling idea at the very beginning of each paragraph in respect of writing based on key words, visual aids or give n

6、situati ons.2. General Requirements of College English WritingUn ity （致性）and cohere nee 连贯）are two importa nt gen eral requireme nts of college En glish writ ing.Un ity is achieved by ascerta ining that each sentence in the paragraph is releva nt to the topic sentence, that is, each sentence should

7、be a further developme nt of the topic sentence. At the same time, the student writer must be positive that each of the 3 paragraphs is conn ected with each other in form as well as in meaning or content.Coherence is the logical connection of the sentences in a paragraph and the paragraphs in a comp

8、osition to each other. Coherence can be achieved through a variety of techniques, such as theemployme nt of tran siti onal words/li nk words/co nn ectors（过渡词语），repetiti on ofkey words, con siste nt use of the same point of view, proper pronoun referen ce, logical orga ni zati on of the in formati on

9、 and argume nts in a paragraph and betwee n paragraphs . The student writer must be certain that there is appropriate transition from one sentence or one paragraph to the n ext.In order to make the paragraph more interesting and vivid, it is a good idea to use sentence variety . An effective way to

10、do this is to vary the grammatical structures of sentences to avoid monotony. Different structures not only con vey disti net shades of meaning, but also give a compositi on an attractive atmosphere.II. Form of Good Writi ngIt is gen erally assumed that a well-writte n paragraph contains a topic sen

11、ten ce, develop in g/support ing senten ces and a con cludi ng sentence if n ecessary.Below is an example to show the process of writing a paragraph. Suppose that you are required to write a paragraph on the topic Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle .It is advisable for you to go thr

12、ough the following procedures before writing the paragraph proper.Step 1. Determi ne the writi ng style argume ntati onStep 2. Seek out the con trolli ng idea betterStep 3 .Collect some convincing facts about or arguments for the controlling idea inexpensive to buy, easy maintenance , good for healt

13、h, nonpolluting, safer, etc.Step 4. List details about some of the facts or arguments that will interest your audienee, e.g., health more exercises, less polluti onStep 5.Outl ine the paragraph.Topic sentence: Ridi ng a bicycle is better tha n ridi ng a motorcycle.Develop ing senten ces:A. It is rel

14、atively in expe nsive1. to buy2. to operateB. It is more healthful.I. more exercises2.1 ess polluti onC. It is pers on ally satisfy ing.1. enjoy the seen ery2. become part of the n atureStep 6. Write the paragraph by using the details you have just listed.Riding a bicycle is better than riding a mot

15、orcycle. First of all, a bicycle is relatively in expe nsive to buy and to maintain. While a motorcycle may cost thousa nds of Yuan to buy and hun dreds of Yua n annu ally for mai ntenan ce, a good bicycle will only cost two hun dred Yua n or so, and its annual maintenance cost is very small. Bik in

16、g is also healthful. Not only does the cyclist get more physical exercises than the motorcyclist, but bicycles are nonpolluting, so they keep the environment clean. Finally, bicycling is, unlike motorcycling, pers on ally satisfy ing. In stead of being a robot in side a machi ne, the biker pedals al

17、ong, enjoying the scenery and becoming part of the nature. In one word, the bicycle is a pleasurable mea ns of tran sportati on.What is said above is true of a well-organized essay, i.e., an idealized composition is supposed to contain 3 paragraphs a topic/introductory paragraph, a supporting paragr

18、aph and an ending paragraph. Let us take the follow ing essay as an example.Stay ing HealthyGood health is the most valuable possessi on a pers on can have. There are three thi ngs that a pers on can do to stay in good health. One should eat the right foods, get eno ugh rest, and exercise properly.

19、(Topic/i ntroductory paragraph)Proper nu triti on is importa nt for good health. Avoid food with lots of sugar and fat. Eat pienty of high protein foods, vegetables and fruits. But do not overeat because it is not healthful to be overweight. Gett ing the proper amount of sleep is also importa nt. Wi

20、thout eno ugh sleep, you are likely to feel tired and irritable. So allow yourself eight hours of sleep each ni ght. Fin ally, get pie nty of exercise since it improves your heart and lun ges, and prevents you from gai ning weight.(Supporti ng paragraph)If everybody were to eat the right foods, get

21、pie nty of sleep, and exercise regularly, there would be much less compla ining about poor health. (Ending paragraph)III. Specific Steps Involved in Writing and Noteworthy Points要想在30分钟内完成一篇不少于 120词的文章，应认真审题，仔细构思，拟出提 纲，拟订各段的主题句，或根据所给主题句确定各段中心思想，想好用什么事实或细节来支持主题句的观点。这样写出的文章语言通顺、逻辑严密、观点明确、错误较少。1. 审题所谓审

22、题就是根据所提供的有关写作范围、内容要求、目的方面的信息进行仔细 推敲斟酌，从而确定文章的主题、体裁、重点、长短等等。审题主要是解决“写什么”的问题。1.1确立文章主题通过审题，明确文章主题即中心思想，才能理清思路，抓住重点，这样的文章才能 紧扣主题，立意鲜明，文笔流畅。例如：Direct ions: For the part, you are allowed thirty minu tes to write a compositi on on the toipc: Global Shortage of Fresh Water . You should write at least 120 w

23、ords and you should base your compositi on on the outl ine (give n in Chin ese) below:(1) 人们以为淡水是取之不尽的。(2) 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。(3) 我们应该怎么办？根据对本篇作文的审题， 可以明确文章中心是淡水资源保护。 可以从淡水资源看似 非常丰富的错误表象出发， 列举出淡水资源实则严重匮乏的事实及原因，最后提出问题的解决办法。思路清晰后，文字自然通顺连贯。范文：Global Shortage of Fresh WaterSome people believe that the fresh wa

24、ter will n ever be used up. Because people can get fresh water from the rains, from the rivers, from the wells and from the lakes, it seems that we have more tha n eno ugh fresh water to use.But as a matter of fact, the whole world is in severs shortage of fresh water. With thes daily needs.developm

25、ent of industry, more and more factories use a lot of fresh water. Many factories discharge a large number of poisonous wastes into the rivers and lakes and cause serious polluti on of the fresh water. And because of the rapid in crease of the world populati on, there is a continu ously risi ng dema

26、 nd for fresh water. I n fact, i n some big cities, fresh water cannot meet the peopleNow it is time for us to do somethi ng to solve the problem of fresh water shortage. First, we must take efficie nt steps to protect our fresh water from being polluted and make it clea n. The n we must let every o

27、ne un dersta nd the dan gerous situati on he is in. We must also educate the people to know: where there is no water, there is no huma n being.1.2确定文章文体文体，即文章的表现形式，其中包含体裁和语言。一般来说，不同的体裁应具备不 同的语言表达模式和特点，比如说明文说明事物时强调语言明确清晰，实事求是；议论文则要求语言具有逻辑性，肯定性强。大学英语作文文体可分四大类，即议论文、应用 文、描写文和记叙文。例如：Direct ions: For the

28、part, you are allowed 30 minu tes to write a compositi on in three paragraphs. Your part of the compositi on should be no less tha n 120 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this compositi on on the Compositi on Sheet.Time(1) Some people think time is val

29、uable and make good use of it.(2) Some people make poor use of it. (3) I think we should form the good habit of saving time. 根据对本篇作文的审题，可以明确它的主题是：珍惜时间。议论文体裁，但兼有说 明部分。本篇提纲中的第1、2点要求说明人们对待时间截然不同的两种态度及其原因和表现，第3点则要求在前文的基础上论述自己的观点一一应养成珍惜时间的习惯，总结全文的同时，强调了珍惜时间这一主题。由于说明的目的是为了“告知”，所以应侧重摆事实，注意客观、准确；论说的目的是为了“说服

30、”，应注意提出有力的论据和明确的结论。范文：TimeSome people think time is valuable and make good use of it. They really understand the meaning of “ Timeand tide wait for no man .Henee they treasure every single minute of every day and make good use of it in practice. They arrange every day s time properly, not to waste i

31、t.Some people make poor use of it. They spe nd their precious time oversleep ing, drinking, and sometimes playinq games or gambling They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasti ng part of their precious life and that they are to pay much for these some day. They always regret hav ing made

32、 little achieveme nt in their career owing to their poor use of time.I thi nk we should form the good habit of sav ing time. Never put off what can be done today till tomorrow. We should thi nk highly of our time just like our lives. Wast ing time just like stay ing in the tomb, you are not yourself

33、, just a walk ing corpse.1.3确立写作要点大学英语作文所涉及内容均为日常生活、科技、社会和文化等。对这些话题大学生们虽然熟悉，但因字数所限，审题的时候，应该把握文章中心思想，限定话题范围，明 确写作重点，其后再进行扩充展开，这样的文章才能思路清晰，主题明确，阐述充分。 例如：“ Women in the Modern World”（1可7以采用议论文的形式，以 Women today areplaying an increasingly important role both in the family, yet facing many difficulties an

34、d obstacles为中心来写作，重点应放在important role和difficulties上，可以首先着重论述 妇女在各行各业中发挥越来越大的作用，然后提出妇女在家庭中的地位也有所提高，最后总结妇女们要争取完全的平等，还面临许多困难和障碍，需要克服。范文：Wome n in the Moder n WorldWome n are play ing an in creas in gly importa nt role in society. Successful wome n who are gover nment officials, scie ntists, athletes, t

35、eachers and doctors can be found everywhere. It is fair to say that many jobs that used to be domin ated by men can now be done equally well by wome n. Wome n are mak ing their in flue nee felt in all walks of life.With the changes in their social role, women s posyioasnbthenfimprovedas well. The hu

36、sba nd is no Ion ger the only bread-ear ner in the family. Both husba nd and wife cope with the problems of daily life together and share happ in ess with each other.In spite of these cha nges, wome n still face many difficulties and obstacles due to their traditi onal roles and limited econo mic st

37、re ngth. Wome n still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men.2. 构思通过审题弄清楚题目要求之后，需要构思的过程，来对如何按照要求形成文章做一个通盘的考虑，包括安排文章的段落层次，提炼段落主题句，选择所需材料，确定写作 方法（举例法、列举法、对比法等）和语言形式（正式、非正式）等。3. 写提纲提纲是文章的框架,是对文章内容的一个整体规划。事实上，写提纲就是审题构思 后把文章的篇章结构、段落分配、内容安排等落实到笔头，以保证写正文的时候思路清 楚。如：所给作文的题目是“H

38、armfulness of Fake Commodities ”。根据审题，可以明确本篇主题是：假冒产品的危害性极大，用议论文体裁来写。写作要点：假冒产品泛滥的 现象、假冒产品对社会和人民生活带来的各种危害以及假冒产品问题的解决。根据以上写作结构和内容可列出如下简要的提纲：第一段现象及其原因第二段 危害1影响企业的效益和信誉危害2:给个人带来麻烦甚至危险第三段 总结强调危害的严重，呼吁政府和个人解决、防范。范文：Harmfuln ess of Fake Commoditiess beNowadays in the society, there are an en ormous nu mber

39、of fake commodities. They have found their ways into almost every store and supermarket. The deep root of this phe nomenon lies in some people s greed for money. In order to makeumg of money, they try every possible means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people and health.Fa

40、ke commodities can do serious harm to both con sumers and society. Compared with the genuine products, they have more attractive prices, which, without doubt, causes great econo mic losses to the manu facturers of genuin e-products. Furthermore, fake commodities are also detrime ntal to con sumers.

41、For in sta nee, not long ago some con sumers were reported to have died from drinking fake wine.So fake commodities are a serious problem in our society and deserve attention from people in all walks of life. The authorities should redouble their efforts to prohibit the product ion and sale of fake

42、commodities. Also, con sumers should be on guard aga inst the temptati on from the cheaper fake commodities and be careful not to waste money on them.4. 与正文写正文应把重点放在选择适当的写作策略和准确的语言运用上，大学英语作文常见题型一一段首句作文、汉语提纲作文、关键词作文、情景作文、图表作文都有各自独特的写作策略和语言技巧(参见 Part Three Various Forms of Writing )。5. 检查修改 这一步骤包括内容和语

43、言，应更加侧重于语言方面的检查。1) 内容方面每个段落是否切题。观点是否明确。段落主题句是否准确。 段落扩展句是否紧扣段落中心思想。段落首尾是否照应。 段落之间、句子之间是否有较强的条理性、逻辑性。 说理是否充分，是否提供了充分具体的论据、事例。2) 语言方面：是否有语法错误：主谓是否一致、动词时态是否正确一致、用词形式是否有误等 单词拼写是否有错、词汇运用是否准确。句式是否多样，搭配是否合理。是否有过渡词语的使用 书写格式是否规范。6. 写作时间分配可根据以下通常采用的时间分配方案，结合个人情况，找到最适合自己的写作节奏。审题、构思一一3分钟拟订提纲一一5分钟正文写作 20分钟检查、修改 2

44、分钟Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs段落的扩展方式多种多样，其中举例法、列举法、比较法、因果法、分类法等五种 方法在大学英语写作中较为常见。I. Exemplification （举例法）1. 举例法的含义举例法是指使用具体事例、论据等对论点予以论证或阐述的方法。运用举例法时， 所举事例可以是个人经历，名人逸事或日常事例，但都应具有可信、典型的特征。例如：In recent years, many Chinese schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teac

45、hi ng staff. Accord ing to a study, there are 100 can didates competi ng for every vaca ncy in big compa ni es, whereas there are only ten applica nts for a school where one teacher might be needed.（引用数据举例）In deed, anyone who wishes to make his life pleasa nt, efficie nt and successful will find it

46、wise to “ work while he works, play while he plays For example, when I am engaged in writing a passage now, I must do it with full concentration and should not think of going shopp ing with my roommates this after noon. If my mind is focused on the writi ng, I will surely do it more smoothly with fe

47、wer mistakes and will get a good grade.（用个人经历举例）2. 举例法常用词语for example, for in sta nee, as ano ther example, such as, like, be example（s） of, take as an example, illustrate, show, prove, （e.g. The story he told about her illustrates/shows/proves her gen erosity very clearly.）II. Listing （列举法）1. 列举法的含

48、义列举法是指在扩展部分列举出一系列论据或原因等对主题句中提出的论点进行说 明、论证的方法。运用列举法时，注意不能简单地罗列出所准备的细节，而要按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排多个例证的排列顺序，比如是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、还是主次 顺序等。例如：Young children should spend most of their time playing because it will offer them more advantages than will formal schooling at that age. topic sentence To begin with , a child who

49、 spends his early years out of school can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach, such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world. In additi on , he will have a better opport un ity to develop a good relati on ship with his family.Another reason not t

50、o send a child to school too early is that he may not be ready. If he is not prepared to deal with the rules and the pressure of schoolwork, he may become discouraged and develop a negative attitude toward school. Last but not the least, children can learn many beneficial things through play. By hav

51、ing fun while learning, they not only gain kno wledge, but develop curiosity and a desire to lear n.2. 列举法常用词语as follows, in the follow ing way, first/to begi n with/for one thi ng, sec ond, third, n ext, the n, fin ally III. Comparison and Contrast （ 比较对照法）1. 比较对照法的含义比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，分别用来阐述两种或更多事物之

52、间的相同或不同之处，从而使各个事物的特点更为突出。比较侧重相同点，对照着重不同点。在说 明文、议论文写作中，比较和对照可以分开使用，也可以结合在一起使用。运用比较对 照法时，可以先说一方再说另一方，即AABB的模式；也可以是双方同时展开，相互交替，即ABAB模式。例如：There are both similarities and differe nces betwee n movies and TV . For one thi ng, the first form of movies and TV were both in black and white. Besides, they bot

53、h carry information. Furthermore, they both bring entertainment to people. And they both educate people and enrich peopleHowlfe r, there also exist some differences between moviesand TV. In the first place, they are differe nt in their history. Movies have bee n with us for a Ion ger time tha n TV.

54、In the sec ond place, movies have mainly low forms from the perspective of content, feature films and documentary films, whereas TV covers a wide range of subjects, from n ews report, educati onal programs, recreati on, sports, music to TV series and eve n films. And fin ally, movies usually have to

55、 be see n in a cin ema, while TV can be enjo yed at home.本段结合比较法和对照法，论述了 movies和TV两个事物的异同，采用先说相同 点，后说不同点，将两事物同时逐点比较对照的方法。2. 比较对照法常用过渡词语比较常用过渡词语resemble, be the same as, be like, be equal to, be comparable to, be as as, both and, neither nor, not only but also,similarly, in the same way, likewise, co

56、rresp ondin gly, like对照法常用过渡词语not asas, contrast with, differ from, be different from, although, whereas, while, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet, still, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, in con trast, un like, con trary to, in con trast to, in oppositi on toIV. Cause and Effect （因果法）1

57、. 因果法的含义因果法是指通过对事物或现象的原因分析，找出事物发展的因果联系的扩展方法。运用因果法时，可采用先因后果或先果后因两种模式；若有多个原因且有主次之分时， 可考虑按照从主到次或从次到主的顺序来阐述各项内容。例如：Some coun tries have banned smok ing in many public places and office buildi ngs, and they see strong reas ons for this. The first and most importa nt reas on is that while limits on smokin

58、g restrict the rights of smokers, smoking itself affects the rights of non-smokers. Studies have show n that sec on d-ha nd smoke can have a harmful effect on the health of non-smokers. Second, aside from the Ion g-term health effects of sec on d-ha nd smoke, it can have very serious immediate con seque nces for those who are allergic to it. Third, the ash