句子成分、简单句、并列句与复合句(1)概要

1、非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名 词合为一大类叫作 v + ing形式。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式： 动词不定式由“ to+动词原形”。1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to buildto have builtto be buildi ngto have bee n buildi ng被动to be buildto have bee n build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词

2、不定式可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如:1) It is good to help each other.2) To help each other is good.3) I don t think it right to do it that way.4) You are old eno ugh to take care of yourself now.5) My job is to drive them to the power station every day.6) She wishes to be a musician.；7) I am determined to

3、give up smoking.；8) Can you give us some advice on what to do next?9) Tell the children not to play on the street.10) Every morning he gets up very early to read English.11) We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .1. A 下歹U词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want

4、、fail、pla n、agree forget、like、prefer、decide、man age、try、arran ge、determ ine、desire 等。B.常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, lear n, expla in1）He taught us how to use the tool.2）No one could tell me where to get the book.2. 如果句中的谓语动词为 see, watch, look at ,hear, listen

5、 to ,have, make, let, feel , observe ,notice,等，作宾语 补足语的动词不定式须将 to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.变被动时要加to,此时的不定式 就是主语补足语。3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him?作定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depe nd on.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后

6、面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man islook ing for a quiet place to live.4. 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。 We hurried to the station only to find the train had left .5. 复合结构不定式：由for +名词（或代词宾格）+ to do sth.如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑

7、主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind,wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite 等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.6. 疑问词+动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to preve nt them from swimmi ng in this river is a problem.7. 动词不定式的否定式：

8、动词不定式的否定式是由not +动词不定式构成，女口： It s wrong of you not to attendthe meeti ng.8. 不定式的完成时的特殊用法。 表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have bee n published.I regret to have bee n with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed be believed、be thought、be known、be reported 等动词常用于上面句 型。

9、此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。I nsorry to keep you waiting for a minute. 对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）I nsorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）8. 不定式的省略 同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.I nreally puzzled what to think or say. 特例： To be

10、 or not to be,this is a questi on.He is better to laugh than to cry.（表示对比） 不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game. 句中含有动词 do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即 前有do,后省to ”。Don do anything silly, such as marry him. 主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。 Why not、had better、wo

11、uld rather、can but 等词后省 to。如：He could not but walk home.9. 不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。常见的有：I dke / love / be happy to.但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：-Susa n is not what she used to be.You came late last ni ght. You ought to have fini shed your

12、 homework.I know I ought to have.非谓语动词（二）动词-ing形式1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing 则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词 go为例，将其 -ing 各种形式列表如下:动词语态 形式及物动词make不及物动词go主动语态被动语态:主动语态一般式mak ingbeing madegoi ng完成式havi ng madehavi ng bee n madehav ing gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。作主语，表语，宾语，定语，宾语补足语，状语1) Th

13、e sleeping child is only five years old.2) Seeing is believing.3) It isn t much good writing to them again.4) It s no use waitiihere.5) Her job is washing and cooking.6) We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.7) Seeing Tom，I couldn t help thinking of his brother.8) When cross ing street，you mu

14、st be careful.9) Being ill，he didn t go to school yesterday.10) Mary stood at the school gate，wait ing for Betty.1. 动名词作宾语。 下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest，finish，avoid，stop，can htlp，mind，enjoy，require，practise，miss，escape，pardon，advise，consider，imagi ne，keep，appreciate，eacape，permit。 下列动词短语接动名词：leave off，put o

15、ff，give up，look forward to, feel like，have trouble / difficulty(i n) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth 。 介词后要接动名词。what about、how about without be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。2. 动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：1） . remember to do sth.记住要做的事remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2） . for

16、get to do sth.忘记要做的事forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3） regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉regret doi ng sth.对发生过的事后悔4）. try to do sth.设法，试图 try doing sth.试试看，试一试5) . mean to do sth.打算做，想要mean doing sth.意味着，就是6) . need/want/require doing 需要被做need/want/require to be done 需要被做3、 主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动

17、词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中白如: Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.4、 -ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为 -ing 的逻辑主语。如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，女口： She insisted

18、on Peter s (or Peter)going there first.5、 -ing形式与动词不定式的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一 个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，女口 ： She likes play ing the pia no, but she does nt want to play it today.非谓语动词(三)一一过去分词1、 过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是 已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。The stolen car was fo

19、und by the police last week.The glass is broke n.When I ope ned the door, I found the gro und covered by falle n leaves.Seen from the hill/ When see n from the hill, our tow n looks beautifulGive n more time/ If give n more time, we could have done it better.独立主格：一般情况下-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独

20、立的主语，这种 独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。The bell ringing, we all stopped talk ing.She read the letter, tears rolli ng dow n her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolli ng dow n her cheeks.2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别：(1) 语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an in spiri ng speechthe in spired audie nee

21、(2) 时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world ； the changed world。(3) 判断-ing形式与过去分词的关键：先找逻辑主语，分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语；分词作表语时，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语；分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语；分词作状语时，句中的主语就是其逻辑主语。【1993-2003年高考试题选编】1 (93) How about the two of usa walk dow n the garde n?A. to take

22、B. take C. taki ngD. to be tak ing2 (93) The computer cen tre,last year, is very popular among the stude nts in this school.A. ope nB. ope ning C. havi ng ope nedD. ope ned3、(93) Charles Babbage is gen erally con sideredthe first computer.A. to invent B. inven ti ng C. to have inven tedD. hav ing in

23、ven ted4 (94). -I must apologize forahead of time.-Thats all right.A. lett ing you not know B. not lett ing you know C. lett ing you know not D. lett ing not you know5.(94) The miss ing boys were last seenn ear the river.A. playi ngB. to be playi ngC. playD. to play6 (94) The visit ing Mini ster exp

24、ressed his satisfact ion with the talks,that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. havi ng added B. to addC. addi ngD. added7. (94) The first textbooksfor teachi ng En glish as a foreig n Ian guage came out in the 16th cen tury.A. havi ng writte n B. to be writte nC. being writte nD. writte n8. (95).-You

25、were brave eno ugh to raise object ions at the meeti ng:-Well, now I regret that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have doneD. having done9 (95) Paul doesnt have to be made. He always works hard.A. learnB. to learn C. learned D. learning10 (95) We agreed here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having

26、 metB. meetingC. to meetD. to have met11 (96) The patient was warned oily food after the operation.A. to eat notB. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating12 (96) in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.A. LosingB. Having lostC. LostD. To lose13 (97). I would love to the party last night

27、 but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB. to have goneC. going D. having gone14 (97) The Olympic Games, in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.A. first playingB. to be first playedC. first playedD. to be first playing15 (97) - Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?-

28、I, but I had an unexpected, visitor.A. had B. wouldC. was going toD. did16 (97) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone get out.A. had toB. would C. could D. was able to17 (98). it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leaveD. Leave18 (98) Cleaning wo

29、men in big cities usually get by the hour.A. payB. paying C. paidD. to pay19 (98) European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular sport in the world.A. makingB. makes C. made D. to make20 (99) Robert is said abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studiedB. to

30、study C. to be studying D. to have been studying21(99). The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, it more difficult.A. not makeB. not to makeC. not makingD. DO not make22 (99) When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door Sorry to miss you; will call later.A. read B. reads C.

31、 to read D. reading23 (2000) Ive worked with children before, so I know what in my new job.A. expectedB. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects24 (2000). The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see the next year.A. carry outB. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out25 (2001) suc

32、h heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered26 (2002) Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains whether they will enjoyit. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen27 (2002) It is said

33、 in Australia there is more land than the government knows .D. to do what with iA. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it28 （2002） The research is so desig ned that oncenothing can be done to cha nge it.A. begi nsB. havi ng begu nC. begi nningD. begu n29 （2003 全国）The teacher

34、asked usso much noise.A. dont makeB. not makeC. not making D. not to make30 （2003 全国）.time, hell make a first-class tennis player.A. Havi ng give nB. To giveC. Givi ngD. Give n答案：1-5 CDCBA 6-10 CDDBC 11-15 CCBCC 16-20 DDCAA 21-25 BDBCA 26-30 BCDDD【2004年咼考试题选编】1 The old man , _Dabroad for twenty year

35、s, is on the way back to his motherland.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked2 You were silly not _B_ your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locki ng D. hav ing locked3 Hele n had to shoutD_ above the sound of the music.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making he

36、rself heard D. to make herself heard4 Read ing is an experie nce quite differe nt from watch ing TV; there are pictures _Cin your mind in stead ofbefore your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed5 Don t leave the water _Bwhile you brush your teeth.A. run B. running C. being run D. to

37、run6 They see you as something of a worrier, _C_ problems which don t exist and crossing bridges long beforcome to them. A. settling B. discovering C. seeing D. designing7 There are eight tips in Dr Roger s lecture on sleep, and one of them is:D_ to bed early uni ess you think it isnecessary. A. doe

38、sn t go B. not to go C. not going D. don t go8 Laws that punish pare nts for their little children s actions against the laws get parents A .A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry9 Linda worked for the Minn esota Manu facturi ng and Mining Compa ny, _Bas 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D.

39、 to be known10 I evever seen anyone run so fast- A David go.A. just watch B. just to watch C. just watching D. just having watched11 _C_ the program, they have to stay there for ano ther two weeks.A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed12 If you are plannin

40、g to spend your money having fun this week, better A it - you ve got some big billscoming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgett ing D. to forget13 I don t know whether you happen_D , but I m going to studthdnU.S.A. this September .A . to be heard B . to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard14 B by the be

41、auty of n ature , the girl from London decided to spe nd ano ther two days on the farm .A . AttractingB . Attracted C . To be attracted D . Having attracted15 The n ews reporters hurried to the airport ,onlyBthe film stars had left.A . to tell B . to be told C . telling D . told16 Having been ill in

42、 bed for nearly a month ,he had a hard time_D the exam.A passBto passC passedD passing17 When flint B_to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A, introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced18 We can t go out in this weather, said Bob,_A out of the window.A. looking B. to lo

43、ok C. looked D. having looked 19 _C_ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited20 According to a recent U.S. survey, children spent up to 25 hours a week _C TV.A. to watch B. to watching C. wat

44、ching D. watch21 The flu is believed C_ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. be have caused22 The flowers _B_ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A. to smellB. smellingC. sme

45、ltD. to be smelt23 The disc, digitally _A_ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.A. recordedB. recordingC. to be recordedD. having recorded24 Having been attacked by terrorists, B.A. doctors cane to their rescue B. the tall building collapsedC. an emergency measure was taken D. wa

46、rnings were given to tourists25 English has large vocabulary, hasn t it? Yes, A more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate.A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known26 Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _B?A. to be buying B. to buy C. for

47、 buying D. bought27 The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain C as the plane was making a landing.A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating28 Victor apologized for _C_ to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to b

48、e not able29 After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _B_A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted 30 Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage D the girl and took her away, into thewoods. A. seizing disappeared B. seized disappeared C. seizing ,disap

49、pearing D. seized disappearing 答案： 1-5 DBDCB 6-10 CDABA 11-15 CADBB 16-20 DBACC 21-25 CBABA 26-30 BCCBD【 2005 年高考试题选编 】1. （北京卷）. It s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. the answers ready will be of gartehelp.A. To have hadB. Having hadC. HaveD. Having2. （北京卷 ） When asked by the police, he

50、 said that he remembered at the party, but not .A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave3. （北京卷 ） The prize of the game show is $30,000 and an all expenses vacation to China.A. payingB. paidC. to be paidD. being paid4. （北京卷 ） I couldn t do my homework w

51、ith all that noise .A. going onB. goes on C. went on D. to go on5. （山东卷） Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, a record US $57.65 a barrel onApril 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching6. （ 广东卷 ） He glanced over at her, that though she was tiny, she s

52、eemed very well put together.A. notingB. noted C. to note D. having noted7. （ 广东卷 He hurried to the station only that the train had left.A. to findB. finding C. found D. to have found8. （湖北卷） The repairs cost a lot ,but it s money we.llAto spend Bspent Cbeing spentD spending9. （湖北卷） from other conti

53、nents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not foundin any other country in the world.A Being separatedB Having separated CHaving been separated DTo be separated10. （湖南卷） in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A. DressedB. To dressC. DressingD. Having dre

54、ssed11. （湖南卷） I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. followsB. followedC. to followD. being followed12. （ 江苏卷 ） Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not. He is said the stage already as he has become an officialA. to have leftB. to leaveC. to have been leftD. to be left13. （ 江苏卷 ）. in t

55、he mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local policeA. Having lostB. LostC. Being lostD. Losing14. （ 江西卷 ） and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient soughther doctor s help to end her life.A Having given up hope of cureB With no ho

56、pe for cureCThere being hope for cureDIn the hope of cure15. （ 江西卷 ） I think you ll grow him when you know himettber.A likingBto be like Cto likeDto be liking16. （ 江西卷 ） The manager, it clear to us that he didn t agree with us, left the meeting room.Awho has made B having madeC madeD making17. （全国卷 3） While watching television, .Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell rings C we heard the doorbell ringDwe heard the doorbell rings18. （全国卷 3）“You