初中英语现在完成时详解

1、v1.0可编辑可修改 现在完成时 一、现在完成时构成 构成：现在完成时由助动词have +过去分词构成，助动词 have有人称和数的变化。第三 人称单数用has，其余用have. 现在完成时的否定式直接在助动词后面加上not、疑问式是把助动词提到主语之前。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下： 否定式 疑问式 I have not (haven t) studied Have I studied You have not (haven t) studied Have you studied He has not (hasn t) studied Has he studied

2、否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定） Have I not (Haven t I) studied Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have you not (Haven t you) studied Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Has he not (Hasn t he) studied Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. 二、现在完成时用法 1、现在完成时通常表示在说话之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。说话人强调的是该动作 或状态对现在的结果或影响。 My daughter has just go ne out.我

3、女儿刚出去。 I m sure we ve met before.我肯定我们以前见过面。 She has arrived.她到了。 2、表示持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用，如 recently, already, just,lately, for ,since ，yet 等。如： I haven t heard from her these days.这些日子我没有收到她的信。 We haven t seen you rece ntly.最近我们没有见到你。 They have bee n away for two years.他们离开已经两年了。 She

4、has bee n with us since Mon day. 111 v1.0可编辑可修改 for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来） since+ 时段 +ago since+从句（过去时） It is+ 时段+since+从句（过去时） Mary has bee n illfor three days. I have lived here since 1998. since和for的区别 si nee 后接时间点，女口 1993， last term, yesterday, the time I got there for后接一段时间，表示长达多久”，如 ten yea

5、rs, a while, two days等。 3、 表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begi n, start, die等，在完成 时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks.x The old man has died for 4 mon ths.x They have left only for 5 minu tes.x 4、 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)的区另U Have/Has gone(t

6、o):去了(现在不在说话现场，可能在路上和已经到 ) Where is your fatherHe has gone to Shan ghai. Have/Has bee n (to):去过(已不在去过的地方) My father has bee n to Shan ghai. Have/has bee n in :呆了多久(还在所呆的地方) My father has bee n in Shan ghaifor two mon ths. /since two mon ths ago. 5、 现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，女口 yesterday, last year, in 197

7、6, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以禾口 already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recen tly, once, twice, ever, n ever等连用。不能与 whe n 连用。 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用 223 v1.0可编辑可修改 例如: She has already come. 她已经来了。 I haven t read it yet. 我还没读过这个。 I have met him before. 我从前曾见过他。 Ma Hong

8、 has always bee n a good stude nt. 马红一直是个好学生。 I have often seen him in the street. 我经常在街上看见他。 They have never been to Yan an. 他们从未去过延安。 I have nt see n him lately. 我近来没看到他。 三、现在完成时的标志 1、现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响 ,用以下四大标志词可以表达这 种含义: 以 already, just 和yet为标志 He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。 He ha

9、s just see n the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。 He has nt come back yet. 他还没有回来。 以 ever禾口 never 为标志 This is the best film I have ever see n.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。 He has n ever bee nto Beiji ng. 他从没有到过北京。 *以动作发生的次数为标志 He says he has bee n to the USA three times.他说他已经去过美国三次了。 * 以 so far （到目前为止） 为标 +before He has got to

10、Beiji ng so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。 She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。 2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在 ,甚至有可能继续延续下去，我们可以从动作“延 续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手 ,进一步学习现在完成时。 333 for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志 四、 瞬间动词 v1.0可编辑可修改 buy, die, jo in, come ,go ,leave, jo in 不能直接与 for since 连用。要改变动词 buyhaveborrow keep come/arrive/

11、reach/get tobe in go outbe out beginbe on openbe ope n diebe dead 1、have 代替 buy My brother has had( leave be away finishbe over close be closed 不能用 has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用 keep 或 have 代替 borrow I have kept( 不能用 have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用 be 替代 become H

12、ow long has your sister bee n a teacher 4、用 have a cold 代替 catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用 wear 代替 put on 6、用“be+形容词”代终止性动词 be+ married 代 marry be + ill 代 fall (get) ill be+ dead 代 die be + asleep 代 fall (get) asleep be+ awake 代 wake/wake up be + gone 代 lose,die,s

13、ell,leave be+ open 代 open be closed 代 close/shut be+ miss in g(go ne,lost) 代 lose 7、用“be+副词”代终止性动词 be+ on 代 start begin“be+ up” 代 get up “be+ back(to) ”代 return to, come back to, go back to reach, get) there “be here (there) ”代 come(arrive, reach, get) here 或 go (arrive, 8、用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 445 v1.0可

14、编辑可修改 1. “ be in/at + 地点”代替 go to /come to 2. 用 be in the army 代替 join the army 3. “be in/at + 地点”代替 move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表： 1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/g on e/moved to sw. t have bee n in sw./at相应的介词 2. have come/g one back/retur nedt have bee n back 3. hav e come/gone out thav

15、e been out 4. have become t have been 5. have closed / ope ned t have bee n close/ope n 6. have got up t have been up ; 7. have died t have been dead ； 8. have left sw. t have bee n away from sw. 9. have fallen asleep/got to sleept have been asleep ; 10. have finished/ended/completedt have been over ； 11. have married t have bee n married ； 12. have started/begu n to do sth.t have done sth.； 13. have begu n t have bee n on 14. have borrowed/bought t have kept/had 15. have lost t haven t had 16. hav e put on thave worn 17. have caught /get a cold t