英语论文：关于英语演讲的研究（个人作品）

1、a study on the language characters of college students english public speaking1. introductionnowadays, people pay much attention to the study of english, especially with the rapid development of globalization. after the opening-up policy, the english study in china become more and more popular. and

2、there are many english speaking contests are held in china, which is the aim to encourage student to learn english. owing to these, the author of this paper has the interest to study the characters of college students english public speaking.since english public speaking has gradually become a focus

3、ed area of research in spoken english education at college, many educators and researchers in china argue that english public speaking can give a positive impact upon efl learning of chinese undergraduates. on the one hand, speech activities reflect an integration of english skills: pronunciation, v

4、ocabulary, syntax, etc.; on the other hand, it advances with conversational skills, nonverbal communication, logical thinking and transferable ability to address the issues of the target language community.english public speaking activities in china, mainly in form of speaking contests organized by

5、efl institutions home and abroad. it has been flourishing over the past years, such as the “21st century national english speaking competition” and “cctv cup english speaking contest”. in addition to these two national competitions, some local areas and colleges take part in it and to promote englis

6、h public speaking in the past decades.thus, the author of this paper has done some research about college students english public speaking, and there are two main aspects: the one is the analysis of the public speaking, in this part, the author has made some research on the genre of english public s

7、peaking and the impromptu speech; the other is the analysis of the contest speech.2. an overview of english public speaking 2.1 english public speaking study at home and aboard 2.1.1 public speaking study in the west western rhetoric is closely related to public speaking. even sine aristotle, schola

8、rs from a variety of disciplines have studied public speaking enthusiastically. their writings would fill a big library. the result of all that thinking and writing has been the evolution of a discipline that is often referred to as “speech”, “communication”, “rhetoric” and “oratory”, or something e

9、lse. but no matter what it is called, the study of speaking and its effects has a long history and a great tradition. it is never overstated that to study public speaking, one cannot avoid rhetoric.among the various kinds of public speaking studies, one of the most influential books published in the

10、 20th century should be stephen e. lucass best-selling book the art of public speaking，which is also well known in china. lucas introduces the whole process of how to craft and present a speech in detail and vividness. like lucass work, public speaking is often treated as an art of rhetoric in the w

11、estern world. 2.1.2 english public speaking contests today in china public speaking is an important and distinctive means of communication. in ancient china, eloquence was highly prized. even today, public speaking skill and competence are also highly believed.nowadays, english teaching and learning

12、 are paid much attention in chinas education system. in order to promote the popularity of english proficiency of chinese efl students in universities and colleges, some institutions and organizations collaborate in holding nationwide english speaking contests. there are so many advanced english lea

13、rners have demonstrated their speaking skills and confidence in using the english language in public speeches. 2.2 definition and classification of english public speaking according to byrns, public speaking is “a deliberative type of communication”1. this is because the speaker will determine the g

14、oal of speech beforehand, then the intended message is prepared, and finally a speech is delivered. lucas defines public speaking as “a way of making ones ideas publicof sharing them with other people and of influencing other people”2. obviously, a speaker with the help of facial expressions, body g

15、estures and the strong emotions to make a speech. he or she can persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way by delivering a continuous speech about his or her topic. it is an art of making speeches in front of many people. it is up to the spe

16、aker to decide the goal of delivered speeches. according to different functions, views or aims, public speaking can be mainly divided into two categories. they are informative speeches and persuasive speeches. effective speakers communicate for a particular purpose. the practice of effective speech

17、indicates that the speaker is working toward a particular desired response from his audiences. furthermore, effective speaking always involves two basic tasks, both of which form the basic units of information and persuasive discourses. one is to identify as precisely as possible the ideas the speak

18、er wants his audiences to understand and the other is to discover the support for these ideas to make them clear, interesting and believable. however, there is hardly any clear interface between the two categories. in informative speeches, speech presenters will endeavor to make the audiences know o

19、bjectively by means of basic presentation, relevant explanation and vivid illustration. by contrast, in persuasive speeches, speakers intend to change and influence audiences attitudes on certain issues, especially controversial things, or to encourage the audiences to do something or to take some a

20、ctions. no matter what kind of speech it is, properly selected points must be arranged or organized in such a sequence that they can best accomplish the general and specific purpose of the speech. in persuasive speeches, people tend to support their ideas with emotional proofs, appealing to sympathy

21、, fear, love or other kinds of passions. persuasive speeches aim to influence and change the audiences feeling and beliefs or to motivate them to take some action. intellectual, the characteristic of persuasive speeches are logical and emotional. ideas or points in this kind of speech are commonly b

22、ased on facts, statistic or logical progression. in the speech, convincing facts are accepted. reasoning usually proceeds as a dynamic process. speakers are used to reasoning from one point to another, which is similar to a journey. in fact, there are many different ways in which a piece of speech c

23、an be organized. generally, in what way a speech should be organized is often determined by the purpose and style of a speech. many patterns of structural arrangement can be applied in informative and persuasive speeches, such as chronological pattern, spatial pattern, process pattern, cause-effect

24、pattern, problem-solution pattern and topic pattern and so on. 2.3 features of english public speaking public speaking, as a prevalent form of communication, illustrates many characteristics. the first one is “the symbolic nature of public speaking”3. it means that the speech delivered may suggest s

25、omething else by reason of relationship or association, for example, objects, emotional states, and abstract thoughts.secondly, a public speech lives two lives. the first is short. a public address occurs when an individual projects himself or herself into the public space through symbolic action. s

26、uch an act is brief. the second life of a public address begins when it passes from the control of its creator; the creators intended listeners to the historical audiences by being fixed as a text.thirdly, a public speaking has both the characteristics of spoken and written language, because the spe

27、ech is prepared in advance but will be delivered orally. it demonstrates the following features:speeches use less formal language than written communication. the words and phrases in speeches are usually shorter, simpler, and more varied than those of written english.speeches contain more repetition

28、s than written communication. readers can review a written passage if they do not understand or remember its content; listeners must rely on what they hear. by making a point in several ways during ones speech, one can help the listeners comprehend and remember what one has said. spoken language all

29、ows personal interaction between speaker and audience. the spoken words bring the speaker closer to the audience than words on paper.3. analysis of the english public speaking 3.1 the genre of english public speaking 3.1.1 introduction of genre genre-based analysis of english public speaking given b

30、y chinese college students has put genre and genre analysis in a very prominent position. genre is regarded as a social-linguistic activity in which the participants are able to achieve their special goals. communicative purposes are in fact relevant to genre and genre analysis.genre is a controvers

31、ial concept. different scholars have different views upon the definition of genre; therefore, any study on genre should be first recognized the variety of definitions from a variety of disciplines. it is in order to understand the rationale underlying various professional and academic genres.in mode

32、rn days, owing to the emphasis on the individual text, and there appeared a revival of genre theories, the concept of genre changed. some scholars at the present time generally regard genre as something imposed, not inherent. with the development of modern science, people are intend to define the te

33、rm genre from the view of one particular discipline. and the definitions move gradually out of the framework of literary discourse. linguists at the same time began to pay attention to the definition of genre, thinking genre as a language phenomenon. thus, their investigation into genres centers on

34、language factors.within the field of esp (english for special purpose), there are numbers of definitions on genre. swales understanding of genre is as follows:a genre is a recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purposes identified and mutually understood by the memb

35、ers of the professional or academic community in which it regularly occurs. most often it is highly structured and conventionalized with constraints on allowable contributions in terms of their intent, positioning, form and functional value. these constraints, however, are often explored by the expe

36、rt members of the discourse community to achieve private intentions within the framework of socially recognized purposes.4as can be seen, the defining approach to genre by swales is basically functional, in which genres are thinking as social or communicative events. furthermore, the definition trie

37、s to set up a relationship between the purpose accomplished by a genre and the structure of the genre.dr.v.k.bhatia expands swales term of genre by bringing in the psychological, particular cognitive level of genre construction. (1)genre is recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of

38、communicative purpose identified and mutually understood by members of the professional or academic community in which it regularly occurs; (2) a genre is a highly structured and conventionalized communicative event. specialist members of any professional or academic community are generally credited

39、 with the knowledge of not only the communicative goals of their community but also the structure of the genres in which they regularly participate as part of their daily work. it is the cumulative result of their long experience and/or training within the specialist community that shapes the genre

40、and gives it a conventionalized internal structure; (3) various genres display constraints on allowable contributions in terms of their intent, positioning, from and functional value. this means that although the writer had a lot of freedom to use linguistic resources in any ways he likes, he must c

41、onform to certain standard practices with the boundaries of a particular genre; (4) these constraints are often exploited by the expert members of the discourse community to achieve private intentions within the framework of socially recognized purpose.5 from the above elucidation, it is revealed th

42、at the purpose of a communicative event is the point of a genre. that is, the communicative purpose of a text determines the class of genre to which the text belongs. 3.1.2 english public speaking by chinese college students as a genreas the author mentioned before, a genre is a set of communicative

43、 events sharing a common communicative purpose. the communicative purpose, serves as the primary criterion of a genre. it is considered as the determinant of genre-membership because genres are simply communicative vehicles for the achievement of goals. as for swales, criteria for a genre entails th

44、e following: (1) being a class of communicative events; (2) sharing communicative purposes and an intended audience; (3) sharing restrictions on form and content recognized by the insiders in the relevant discourse community; (4) having a specific nomenclature recognized as a criterion6. the princip

45、le feature that turns a collection of communicative events into a genre is some communicative purposes and genres are communicative vehicles for the achievement of goals. in accordance with the theory of genre proposed by his predecessors, the author of this thesis would like to define english publi

46、c speaking by chinese college students as a specific genre and holds that eps by chinese college students meet these criteria put forward by them.genre is a class of generally recognized communicative events sharing the characteristics of either/both spoken or/and written discourse. firstly, the col

47、lege student, who is a speaker and delivers the prepared speech in an english speech competition, is an addressor, while the audiences, especially students, teachers and judges, are the addressee. the two parties constitute the basic but necessary elements of communication activities and they form a

48、 separate discourse community. secondly, any prepared speeches delivered by chinese college student share both the characteristics of written and spoken discourse, for any prepared speech addressed by college students in english-speaking competitions is always prepared beforehand in a written form b

49、y the speaker on this particular occasion. accordingly, there is no doubt that eps is a kind of recognized communicative events.according to the definition, any genre is characterized by a set of communicative purpose, which makes a collection of communicative events a genre. as mentioned above, eps

50、 is a type of deliberative communication events. during the prepared speech made by the speaker on the given topic in the speech contest, considerable information on the given topic is delivered by the college student to the audience. obviously, the speaker ultimately tries to persuade or emphasize

51、the most convincing evidence for supporting their position on the given topic, to convince the audience and judges that their opinions and ideas are the most reasonable and then to accept them and support them. in addition, the audience, as an addressee, also expects to gain some valuable informatio

52、n which can help them understand the given topic. through the delivery of speech, their different communicative purposes are achieved. therefore, it can be concluded that eps, as an effective communicative event, has its own specific communicative purposes. from the above-mentioned definition and ex

53、planation of genre, it can be further concluded that english public speaking by chinese college student is really a specific genre, which set the way for the author to make a further investigation into this field within the framework of genre theory. 3.1.3 a genre-based research of impromptu speeche

54、s in english public speaking3.1.3.1 definition of impromptu speech bradley has introduced the term “impromptu speech” which he defines in the following way:there are certain types of situations which call for rapid processing of spoken discourse, whether literally in real time or in small batches, a

55、nd the needs of such processing are then reflected in the macrostructure and microstructure of the resulting texts. such texts will be called impromptu7. an impromptu speech is serious in nature, with topic selections varied by round and by section. topics will be of a proverb nature. speakers will

56、have only several minutes to prepare and deliver the speech. limited notes are permitted.an impromptu speech is intended to demonstrate the students ability to provide a well-reasoned analysis of a special question using a limited of preparation time. each speech should be unique and spontaneously c

57、reated by the speaker. all of the quotation should be dealt with, using definition and explanation when necessary, in providing a comprehensive discussion of the topic. credit should be given to speakers who creatively address the less obvious implications of the quotation and provide the listeners

58、with new information. credit should also be given to speakers who go beyond merely personal examples, the reliance on which may be avoided through the analysis of examples drawn from current events of areas of knowledge such as history, philosophy, literature or the arts.all principles of effective

59、presentation should be demonstrated. the structure should include a readily identifiable introduction, body, and conclusion. credit should be given to imaginative and effective organizational structure. clear transitions should be made between main points so that the organizational structure is cumulatively reviewed and previewed. an adequate summary should be provided, followed by a memorable conclusion. effective language should be utilized. the speec