句子结构常见错误

1、共享知识分享快乐盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时宜自勉，岁月不待人。句子结构常见错误Sentence Structure Problems英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的，在写作中如果违背这些规则， 那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解，或引起歧义。要想避免发生这 些情况，在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。我们对 常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂 修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。我将对这些问题逐一进行分析， 以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因，并掌握纠正错误的方法残缺句(Sentence Fragments)所谓残缺句，顾名思义，就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的

2、句子片断。尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头, 并在结尾处带有标点，然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整 的意思，仅是一组词而已。请看下列句子：Fragme ntRevised SentenceWondering what his son was going to do .Mr. Smith had been wondering what his son was going to do .Fragme ntSome errors in writing are serious . For example, fragme nts and run on sentences.Revised S

3、entencesSome errors in writing are serious , for example, fragme nts and run on sentences.ORSome errors in writing are serious , among which are fragme nts and run-on sentences虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现，但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句 和以各种形式拆开的短语，如句号错误(period fault)。Fragme ntsHaving driven across the desert. We enjoyed the coo

4、l weather.He enjoys flowers and shrubs . Which help screen his yard from the street.Revised SentencesHaving driven across the desert, we enjoyed the cool weather. He enjoys flowers and shrubs , which help screen his yard from the street.OR卑微如蝼蚁、坚强似大象He enjoys flowers and shrubs . They help screen hi

5、s yard from the street.在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题，特别要注意那些以从属 连词或短语等开头的句子，这些词都是危险词”。要确定以这些词开始的每个从句，都应附属于一个独立的句子。避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。我们 知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表 达单位。它至少具有一个主语和谓语。动词的非限定形式不能 在句中作为谓语单独使用，除非是在如Where to go tonight?简短的问句中。因此在写句子时要特别注意。改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法：1将句中用的句号变成逗号，或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思

6、的句子。例如：Fragme ntsSince there is a lack of interest. There is a great lack of information .You should make a determined effort to avoid sentence fragments . Because they are considered serious mistakes in writing .I look forward to holidays . For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas.Revised SentencesS

7、ince there is a lack of interest, there is a great lack of information.You should make a determ ined effort to avoid sentence fragme nts because they are considered serious mistakes in writing .I look forward to holidays , for example , Thanksgiving and Christmas.2）把残缺句扩展到主句中，或通过添加或减少某些成分。把残缺 改写为独立、

8、完整的句子。例如：Fragme ntsI am interested only in the properties of citrus fruit . Such as lemons, oranges, and grapefruit.Having no money and being Ion ely in the big city.It was difficult to decide. which choice to make . To return to school or to accept the job .Revised SentencesI am interested only in

9、the properties of citrus fruit. Examples arelemons, oranges, and grapefruit.Having no money and being lonely in the big city , the women committed suicide .It was difficult to decide whether to retur n to school or to acceptthe job.Directions : Try to revise the following fragments in one or more th

10、anone way.1. Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to going to school2. The table was covered with fresh vegetables . Such as lettuce, carrots, spinach, and squash.3. Joe tries to call home once a week . To be in touch with his family4. He made a point of entering each misspelled wor

11、d in a notebook. Which he kept for that purpose.5. It was a won derful week. Fish ing and swim ming every day and dancing every ni ght.Revised sentences1 . Because some students have part-time jobs in addition to full-time class work , they have very little free time.2 . The table was covered with f

12、resh vegetables such as lettuce, carrotsspin ach and squash3 . Joe tries to call home once a week to keep in touch with his family4 . He made a point of en teri ng each misspelled word in a no tebookwhich he kept for that purpose5. It was a wonderful week . We went fishing and swimming every day and

13、 dancing every ni ght.OR It was a wonderful week. We fished and swam every day anddanced every ni ght .2. 接排句(Run-on Sentenee)所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，而没有正确 的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。这样的句子，意思含混不 清，使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。接排句有两种形式：一是融合句(fused sentenee),即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词； 另一种更为常见的形式是逗号连接(comma splice)，即没有并列连词，只用逗号代替分号和

14、句号，把两个完整的意思连接起来请看例句：Fused Sentences1. The girls scored higher in math the boys scored higher in verbal skills .2. Gestures are a means of com mun icati on for every one they areessential for the hearing-impaired .Comma Splices1. Education is an elusive word, it often means different thingsto differe

15、nt people .2. Hikers would especially enjoy a vacati on at Yellowst one Nati onal Park, the park consists of two million acres of backcountry .改正接排句的基本方法可根据句子之间的不同关系分为以下5种1用句号分隔。当长句或两个句子之间的关系不是很密切或毫无 关系时，可使用这种方法。例如：Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math . The boys scored higher in verbal s

16、kills .Gestures are a means of com mun icatio n for every one . They are essential for the hearing-impaired .Education is an elusive word . It often means different things to different people .Hikers would especially enjoy a vacatio n at Yellowst one Nati onal Park. The park consists of two million

17、acres of backcountry2用分号隔开。用分号连接两个独立的分句时，它们之间的关系 在意义和语法结构上比起使用句号时，关系较紧密。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ； the boys scored higher in verbal skills .Gestures are a means of com muni cati on for every one ; theyare essential for the hearingimpaired .Education is an elusive word ； it of

18、ten means different things to different people .Hikers would especially enjoy a vacati on at Yellowst one Nati onal Park； the park consists of two million acres of backcountry .3使用并列连词连接。当接排的句子之间关系紧密，容易辨别且 合乎逻辑时，可以借助并列连词来连接，通常在这些连词前要 加上逗号。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math , and/ but t

19、he boys scored higher in verbal skills .Gestures are a means of com muni cati on for every one , but they are essential for the hearing impaired .Education is an elusive word , for it often means different things to different people .Yellowst one Nati onal Park con sists of two millio n acres ofback

20、country, and hikers would especially enjoy a vacation there.4使用连接副词连接。根据作者的意图和句子的需要。接排的句 子可以使用连接副词来连接。这时，句子之间要用分号。在连 接副词的后面还要加逗号，但是一般在单音节的连词后不加逗 号。女口 so, yet。thus 等.Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math ; however, the boys scored higher in verbal skills .Gestures are a means of com muni c

21、ati on for every one; n everthe1ess, they are essential for the hearing-impaired .Educati on is an elusive word; in deed, it ofte n means differe nt things to different people .Yellowst one Nati onal Park con sists of two millio n acres of backco untry; therefore, hikers would especially enjoy a vac

22、ation there .5使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接.当可以判断出一个句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时，可以将此接排句改写成复合句。Revised SentencesThe girls scored higher in math， while the boys scored higher in verbal skills .Although gestures are a means of com muni cati on for every one , they are essential for the hearing-impaired .The power failure

23、 caused a blackout which created a lot of problems.Hikers would especially enjoy a vacati on at Yellowst one Nati onal Park, which consists of two million acres of backcountryDirections: Revise the followi ng run-on senten ces1. Wome n no Ion ger n eed to move into the traditi on ally maleprofessi o

24、ns they have already ope ned most of the doors to desirable career paths.2. I called for a reservati on at a famous restaura nt in tow n , all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival .3. Eric was late to work he ran all the way .Revised sentences1. Wome n no Ion ger n eed to move into

25、the traditi on ally male professions , for they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths .OR Wome n no Ion ger n eed to move into the traditi on ally male professions ; they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths.OR Wome n no Ion ger n eed to move into

26、 the traditi on ally male professions . They have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths.OR Because wome n have already ope ned most of the doors to desirable career paths , they no Ion ger n eed to move into the traditi on ally male professi ons2. I called for a reservatio n at

27、a famous restaura nt in tow nAll the tables were take n before the Drago n Boat Festival,but;allOR I called for a reservati on at a famous restaura nt in tow nall the tables were take n before the Drago n Boat FestivalOR I called for a reservati on at a famous restaura nt in tow nhowever , all the t

28、ables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival .OR I called for a reservati on at a famous restaura nt in tow nthe tables were take n before the Drago n Boat Festival.OR Although I called for a reservati on at a famous restaura nt intown , all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival3

29、. Eric was late to work , so he ran all the way .or : Eric ran all the way ； otherwise , he could have been late to work .or : Because Eric was late to work , he ran all the way .or : Eric ran all the way because he was late to work.or: Eric was late to work although he ran all the wayDirections: Id

30、e ntify and correct serious errors(such as fragme nts fused sentences and comma splices)in each of the following .1. Without telling anyone , even her sister, Mary , going to the park, meeting her friends .2. The physics problems were just impossible , they took all day to do3. That the course was s

31、o hard we all studied day and night, with no one getting an A or a B .4. I knocked on /at the door when the lady came I gave her most ingratiating smile .5. Why do you ask what concern is it of yours?6. Getting married is easy , staying married is a different matter.7. Michelle tried each of the app

32、etizers on the table . And then foundthat, when the dinner arrived , her appetite had gone8. She didn t know what to say to his announcement she was not at a complete loss for words , either.Revised sentences1. Without telling anyone , not even her sister , Mary went to the park to meet her friends2

33、. The physics problems were just impossible; therefore , they tookall day to do .3. The course was so hard that we all studied day and night, with noone gett ing an A or a B .4. I knocked on /at the door . When the lady came , I gave her mostin gratiat ing smile.5. Why do you ask? What concern is it

34、 of yours?6. Getting married is easy ; staying married is a different matter.OR Getting married is easy matter,but staying married is a differentOR Although getting married is easy differe nt matter .,staying married is aShe7. Michelle tried each of the appetizers on the table then found that , when

35、 the dinner arrived , her appetite had gone8. She didn t know what to say to his announcement, nor was she at a complete loss for words,either.OR She was neither ready with a response nor at a complete loss for words3. 误置修饰语(Misplaced Modifiers )在写作中，为了使句子生动和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修饰语。按照英语构句规则，充当定语或状语的词、短语或从句

36、必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分。如果忽视了这个规则，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间 不恰当地夹进了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，产生歧义。请看下面句子:Misplaced ModifiersHe sold the old car to the man with leather seats .Please give the book to the boy with the blue cover .That cat belongs to my neighbor with five kittens .Revised SentencesHe sold the old car with leather

37、 seats to the man .Please give the book with the blue cover to the boy .That cat with five kittens belongs to my neighbor .如果一个修饰语既可以修饰其前面的词也可修饰其后面的词，这样的修饰语称为歧义修饰语(squinting modifier)。歧义修饰语会使读者对其修饰目的感到困惑不解。所以，应该把易产生歧义的修饰语放在它所惟一修饰的词的前面。例如：The equipment without the accessories sold the best. (Differen

38、t types of equipment were available , some with and some without the accessories.)The equipment sold the best without the accessories . (One type of equipment was available , and the accessories were optional.)Squin ti ng ModifiersWe agreed on the n ext day to make the adjustme ntsStude nts who prac

39、tice writi ng ofte n will ben efit .Revised SentencesWe agreed to make the adjustme nts on the n ext day(We agreed that on the n ext day we would make the adjustme nts)-OrOn the next day, we agreed to make the adjustments.(On the next day, we agreed that we would make the adjustments.)Stude nts who

40、often practice writi ng will ben efit . Stude nts who practice writi ng will ofte n ben efit .所以，在写作中我们要特别注意副词的位置，要把它们放在 使读者对句子的意义更清楚的地方。请分析下面这个句子：He only suggested three rules for us to follow .除非我们在这里确实是指“ He only suggested them he didn tinsist on them . ”，否则only这个词就应放在它所修饰的词前面：He suggested only t

41、hree rules for US to follow .要注意句子会随着 only位置的改变而改变其意义。Directions : Identify the misplaced word or words in each sentence . Then rewrite the sentences and make the meaning clear.1. Our team didn t even score once2 . She is teach ing a sem inar this term on market economy at the Osaka Intern ati onal

42、Uni versity.3. The city almost spent twenty million dollars on the new stadium4. Tony bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faultytran smissi on.5. The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain .6. We could see the football stadium driving across the bridge .7. I almost had a doze n job in ter

43、views after I sent out my resume8. There were strong calls for an immediate ceasefire in the UN Security Coun cil9. The excha nge stude nts we met for coffee occasi on ally questi oned us about our latest sla ng.10. I put the chair in the middle of the room that I had recen tly purchased.Revised sen

44、tences1. Our team didn t score even once2. This term she is teaching a seminar on market economy at theOsaka Intern ati onal Un iversity3. The city spent almost twenty million dollars on the new stadium4. Tony bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer .5. The suburbs had nea

45、rly five inches of rain.6. Driving across the bridge , we could see the football stadium.7. I had almost a doze n job in terviews after I sent out my resume.8. There were strong calls in the UN Security Council for an immediate ceasefire9. The excha nge stude nts we occasi on ally met for coffee que

46、sti onedus about our latest sla ngOR The exchange students we met for coffee questioned us occasi on ally about our latest sla ng.10. I put the chair that I had recently purchased in the middle of the room4. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语 可以出现在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。请看下面例句：Dan gli

47、ng ModifiersBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and meeting hundreds of new girls， my conversation，manners， and poise became more polished.To write the proposal , research must be done.两句中斜体的修饰语与句子的主语不存在逻辑关系。在第一句 中，当作者想当然地认为“ I是句子的主语，并打算对自己做个描述。但是由于用了“my conversation 做句子的主语就破坏了句子中的逻辑关系

48、而引起荒谬可笑的解释：It was her con versationthat visited the sorority houses .动词的非限定性短语作状语时，其 逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致，否则就会形成悬垂性修饰语。如果把句子的主语改成“ I，”就可改成一个令人满意的句子了。同样，在第二句中，动词不定式在逻辑上不能修饰句子的主语，theresearch.Revised SentencesBy going to the various sorority houses on campus and meeting hundreds of new girls , I polished my

49、 conversation , manners, and poise.To write the proposal, the professor must first do some research.2. 悬垂动名词(Dangling Gerund)Dan gli ng ModifiersBy in stall ing a birdbath . the birds were give n a source of water .After finishing the research , the paper was easy to write.Revised SentencesBy in sta

50、ll ing a birdbath , we gave the birds a source of water.After finishing the research , I found that the paper was easy to write .3. 悬垂动词不定式(Da ngling Infin itive)Dan gli ng ModifiersTo ski properly , a course of in struct ion is n ecessary.To write well , good books must be read.Revised SentencesTo

51、ski properly , a begi nner should take a course of in struct ion.To write well, I must read good books.4. 悬垂省略从句(Da ngli ng Elliptical Clause)Dan gli ng ModifierWhile climbing the hill , the rain began to fallWhen only a small boy , my father took me with him to ChicagoRevised SentencesWhile climbin

52、g the hill , she felt the rain beginning to fallWhen I was only a small boy , my father took me with him to Chicago.常用的修改悬垂性修饰语的方法有：1. 找出句子中隐含的主语，对所修饰的短语提供行为者(actor)(承担动作行为的人或物).Dan gli ng ModifiersAt the age of six my uncle bought my first pet ，a goldfish.While leaving the house , the phone rangUsi

53、ng this drug , many undesirable side effects are experieneed.Revised SentencesAt the age of six, I received my first pet, a goldfish from my uncle .While leavi ng the house, I heard the pho ne ringUsing this drug , patients experienee many undesirable sideeffects.2补足悬垂短语或省略从句必要的成分，扩展其成为一个完整的 从句，由行为者

54、做主语Revised SentencesWhen I was six , my uncle bought me my first pet , a goldfish As I was leaving the house , the phone rang.Many un desirable side effects are experie need whe n this drug is used.Directions : Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers .1. Thumbing through the ma

55、gazine , her eyes automatically noticed the cosmetic ads .2. To please the visitors, a cross talk was performed .3. On entering the teacher s office, a terrestrial globe caught his attention .；4. Though only seventeen , the army accepted his application .5. From attending professional meetings , important lessons can be lear ned.6. With fifty pages left to read , War and Peace was