考研英语二真题及答案

1、 2011 年研究生入学考试英语二真题section i use of englishdirection：s read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and marka, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)the internet affords anonymity to its users a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. butthat very anonymity is also behin

2、d the explosion of cybercrime that has 1across the web.can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seemsincreasingly 3 ?last month, howard schmidt, the nations cyberczar, offered the obama government a4 to make the web a safer place a “voluntary identify” s

3、ystem that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo id card, all rolled 6 one. thesystem might use a smart identity card, or a digital credentialwould authenticate users at a range of online services.7 to a specific computer, andthe idea is to 8 a federation of private onli

4、ne identify systems. users could 9 whichsystem to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigatethose systems. the approach contrasts with one that would require an internet driverslicense 10 by the government.google and microsoft are among companies that alr

5、eady have sign- on” systems that make itpossible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright“streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community.mr. schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in whi

6、ch individuals and organizationscan complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that thetransaction runs 15 .still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activists. some applaud the approach;others are concerned. it seems clear that such an initiative

7、 push toward what would17 be alicense” mentality.the plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntaryecosystem” would still leave much of the internet 19 .they argue that should be20 toregister and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public r

8、oads.1234567a.swepta.forb.skippedb.withinc.walkedd.riddenc.whiled.thougha.carelessa.reasona.informationa.byb.lawlessb.reminderb.interferenceb.intoc.pointlessc.compromisec.entertainmentc.fromd.helplessd.proposald.equivalentd.overa.linkedb.directedc.chainedd.compared 8a.dismissa.recallb.discoverb.sugg

9、estc.created.improved.realize9c.select1011121314151617181920a.relcaseda.carry ona.in vaina.trusteda.cautiona.onb.issuedc.distributedc.set ind.deliveredd.log inb.linger onb.in effectb.modernizedb.delightc.in returnc.thrivingc.confidencec.beyondd.in contrastd.competingd.patienced.acrossb.aftera.divide

10、da.frequestlya.skepticisma.manageablea.invitedb.disappointedb.incidentallyb.releranceb.defendableb.appointedc.protectedc.occasionallyc.indifferencec.vulnerablec.allowedd.unitedd.eventuallyd.enthusiasmd.invisibled.forcedsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. a

11、nswer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d.mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40points)text 1ruth simmons joined goldman sachss board as an outside director in january 2000: a yearlater she became president of brown university. for the rest of the decade she apparentlymanaged bo

12、th roles without attracting much eroticism. but by the end of 2009 ms. simmons wasunder fire for having sat on goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let thoseenormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? by february the next year ms. simmons had left theboard. the position was just taking up

13、 too much time, she said.outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board.having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enoughindependence to disagree with th e chief executives proposals. if the sky, and the share price

14、isfalling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their owncrises.the researchers from ohio university used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firmsand more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. then they simply checkedwhich directors stayed f

15、rom one proxy statement to the next. the most likely reason for departinga board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directorsunder the age of 70. they fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the companywill subsequently have to restate

16、earnings increased by nearly 20%. the likelihood of beingnamed in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse.the effect tended to be larger for larger firms. although a correlation between them leaving andsubsequent bad performance at the firm is suggesti

17、ve, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. often they “trade up.” leaving riskier, smaller firms for largerand more stable firms.but the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow totheir reputations if they leave a firm bef

18、ore bad news breaks, even if a review of history showsthey were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. firms who want to keep their outsidedirectors through tough times may have to create incentives. otherwise outside directors willfollow the example of ms. simmons, once again very popula

19、r on campus.21. according to paragraph 1, ms. simmons was criticized foragaining excessive profits.bfailing to fulfill her dutycrefusing to make compromisesdleaving the board in tough times22. we learn from paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to beagenerous investors.bunbiased executives

20、cshare price forecastersdindependent advisers23. according to the researchers from ohio university after an outside directors surprisedeparture, the firm is likely toabecome more stable.breport increased earningscdo less well in the stock marketdperform worse in lawsuits24. it can be inferred from t

21、he last paragraph that outside directorsamay stay for the attractive offers from the firmbhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmcare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmdwill decline incentives from the firm25. the authors attitude toward the role of outside directorsisapermissive.b

22、positivecscornfuldcriticaltext 2whatever happened to the death of newspaper? a year ago the end seemed near. therecession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.newspapers like the san francisco chronicle were chronicling their own doom. americasfe

23、deral trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. should theybecome charitable corporations? should the state subsidize them ? it will hold another meetingsoon. but the discussions now seem out of date.in much of the world there is the sign of crisis. german and brazilia

24、n papers have shruggedoff the recession. even american newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the globalindustry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. not the 20% profit margins that wereroutine a few years ago, but profit all the same. it has not been much fun. many pap

25、ers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. theamerican society of news editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.readers are paying more for slimmer products. some papers even had the nerve to refuse deliveryto distant suburbs. yet these desperate measures have proved t

26、he right ones and, sadly for manyjournalists, they can be pushed further.newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues fromreaders and advertisers. american papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.fully 87% of their revenues came from advert

27、ising in 2008, according to the organization foreconomic cooperation & development (oecd). in japan the proportion is 35%. not surprisingly,japanese newspapers are much more stable.the whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damagehas been concentrated in areas where

28、 newspaper are least distinctive. car and film reviewers havegone. so have science and general business reporters. foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.newspapers are less complete as a result. but completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaperbusiness.26. by saying “newspapers like their

29、 own doom”-4,(plairan.e1s),3the author indicates thatnewspaper.aneglected the sign of crisisbfailed to get state subsidiescwere not charitable corporationsdwere in a desperate situation27. some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably becauseareaders threatened to pay less.bnewspapers

30、 wanted to reduce costscjournalists reported little about these areasdsubscribers complained about slimmer products28. compared with their american counterparts, japanese newspapers are much more stablebecause they.ahave more sources of revenuebhave more balanced newsroomscare less dependent on adve

31、rtisingdare less affected by readership29. what can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?adistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.bcompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.cforeign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.dr

32、eaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. the most appropriate title for this text would beaamerican newspapers: struggling for survivalbamerican newspapers: gone with the windcamerican newspapers: a thriving businessdamerican newspapers: a hopeless storytext 3.we tend to think of

33、the decades immediately following world war ii as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the g. i. bill andlining up at the marriage bureaus.but when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less couldtru

34、ly be more. during the depression and the war, americans had learned to live with less, andthat restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficienthousing positively stylish.economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. the phras

35、e“less is more” was actually first popularized by a german, the architect ludwig mies van derrohe, who like other people associated with the bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to theunited states before world war iiand took up posts at american architecture schools. these designers came to exert

36、 enormousinfluence on the course of american architecture, but none more so that mies.miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact thata lot. elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. like other modern architects, heemployed metal, glass and lami

37、nated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the1940s symbolized the future. miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces hedesigned were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.the apartments in the elegant towers mies built on chicagos lake shore

38、 drive, for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors alongthe citys gold coast. but they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views theyafforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equiv

39、alent ofthe abstract art so popular at the time.the trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. in the 1930s frank lloyd wright startedbuilding more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreadingtwo-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century

40、.the “case study houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by california arts& architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more” trend. aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthrightdetailing. in his case study ho

41、use, ralph everyday life - few american families acquiredhelicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency wasboth desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. the postwar american housing style largely reflected the americansaprosperity and growth.beffi

42、ciency and practicalitycrestraint and confidencedpride and faithfulness32. which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about bauhaus?ait was founded by ludwig mies van der rohe.bits designing concept was affected by world war ii.cmost american architects used to be associated with it. di

43、t had a great influence upon american architecture.33. mies held that elegance of architectural designawas related to large space.bwas identified with emptinesscwas not reliant on abundant decorationdwas not associated with efficiency34. what is true about the apartments mies building chicagos lake

44、shore drive?athey ignored details and proportions.bthey were built with materials popular at that time.cthey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.dthey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. what can we learn about the design of the “case study house”?amechanical devices were widel

45、y used.bnatural scenes were taken into considerationcdetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.deco-friendly materials were employed.text 4will the european union make it? the question would have sounded strange not long ago.now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing

46、 a “bermuda triangle” ofdebt, population decline and lower growth.as well as those chronic problems, the eu face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16countries that use the single currency. markets have lost faith that the euro zones economies,weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks

47、to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.yet the debate about how to save europes single currency from disintegration is stuck. it isstuck because the euro zones dominant powers, france and germany, agree on the need forgreater ha

48、rmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending andcompetitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. thesemight include threats to freeze eu funds for poorer regions

49、 and eu mega-projects and even thesuspension of a countrys voting rights in eu ministerial councils. it insists that economicco-ordination should involve all 27 members of the eu club, among whom there is a smallmajority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, german

50、y fears, asmall majority favour french interference.a “southern” camp headed by french wants something different: ”european economicgovernment” within an inner core of euro-zone members. translated, that means politiciansintervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to po

51、orer members, viacheaper borrowing for governments through common eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. finally, figures close to the france government have murmured, curo-zone members should agreeto some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labourco

52、sts.it is too soon to write off the eu. it remains the worlds largest trading block. at its best , theeuropean project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable tradingarea

53、. it is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalismbenign.36. the eu is faced with so many problems thata it has more or less lost faith in markets.b even its supporters begin to feel concernedc some of its member countries plan to abandon eurod it intends

54、to deny the possibility of devaluation37. the debate over the eus single currency is stuck because the dominant powersa are competing for the leading position.b are busy handling their own crisesc fail to reach an agreement on harmonizationd disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. to solve t

55、he euro problem ,germany proposed thata eu funds for poor regions be increasedb stricter regulations be imposed.c only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationd voting rights of the eu members be guaranteed39. the french proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _.apoor countries are

56、more likely to get fundsbstrict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriescloans will be readily available to rich countriesdrich countries will basically control eurobonds40. regarding the future of the eu, the author seems to feel _ _.apessimisticbdesperatecconceiteddhopefulpart bdirections:read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right columnthat corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. there are two extrachoices