词汇学答案1-4章

1、第一章word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2 Vocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family

2、members3 Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树 in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chi

3、nese people use/shu/ （树）to refer to the same thing This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings， /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4. There are generally four major c

4、auses of the differences between sound and form. （l）There are more phonemes than letters in English, so t here is no way to use one let ter to represent one phoneme（2）The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling.(3)influence of the work of scr

5、ibes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and (4)borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling5 Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing we

6、re difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers6. Words of the basic word st

7、ock form the common core of the English language They are the words essential to native speakers? daily communication Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7. a. loose woman b fellow c. pistol d. great e. cowardf fight g police h

8、drunk i woman j. girl8. haply = perhapsalbeit二 althoughmethinks = it seems to meeke= alsosmooth= truthmorn= morningtroth= pledgeere= beforequoth = saidha11owed= holybillow二 wave/ the seabade= bid9. Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings For example, 歆zro（欧元），e-方ooA（电子书

9、），必殆（非 典）,netizen （网民）， are newly-coined words. Words like moused 鼠标）,web网络）,space shuttle,航天飞机）etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings10. By notion, words fall into content words and functional words Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverds and numerals, which have clear

10、notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connec t cont ent words into sentences Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words11.

11、 Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakersf daily communication and enjoy a much hig

12、her frequency in actual use12. DenizensAliensTranslation loans Semanticloanskettleconfrerechopsticksdreamdiepro patriablack humourskirtparvenu long time no seewallWunderkindtyphoonhusbandMikado第二章1. The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world It is mad

13、e up of the languages of Europe , the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us unders tand English words bet t

14、er and use them more appropriately.Language FamilyBalto-Slavic (Lithuanian, Prussian, Polish, Slavenian, Russian, Bulgarian)Indo-Iranian (Hindi, Perian)Celtic (Breton, Scottish, Irish)Italic(Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Roumanian)Hellenic(Greek)Germanic(English, Swedish, German, Norweigian,

15、 Icelangic, Danish, Dutch)vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. OldEnglish has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000一60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabula

16、ry, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endingsYes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can

17、 be called Anglo-Saxon periodAnd Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost4. It is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow

18、heavily from other major languages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous5. The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted eleme

19、nts from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use6. coursehumaneventsnecessarypeopledissolvepoliticalconnectedassumepowersseparateequalstationnatureentitiedecentrespectopinionsrequ

20、iresdeclarecausesimpelseparationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7. Latin borrowing can be divided in

21、to four phase: (1)Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, (2)Old English period, (3) middleEnglish period and(4) Modern English period Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettie and so on; words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, chur

22、ch; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the for th period Words borrowed fromlike status ,nucleus ,hydroplane GreekLatin are usually abstract formal terms minimum.8. eventful Latin + English+Latin Falsehood丄at in +English pacifist

23、丄 a tinChaise (late)grace (early)+Greek SaxophoneLGerman +Greek heirloom French+English Joss housePortuguese +English television Greek +Latin 9. amateur(late)finace (late)Empire (late)peace (early)Courage (early)garage (late)Judgement (early)chair (early)10. Jespersen s comment revealstheimportance

24、ofScandinavian wordsin English Just aspeople cannot livewithout bread andeggs, so English languagecannot operateproperly without Scandinavian words11. allegrof.轻快Altoi.女低音Andantej行板Crescendob.渐强Diminuendog.渐弱Fortee.强Largod.缓慢Pianoh.轻Pianofortea.轻转慢Sopranoc.女高音12. cherub (Hebrew)chipmunk(American Ind

25、ian )Servant (early)Jealous (early)Genre (late)Debut (late)State (early)Ballet (late)routine (late) savate (late) gender (early) morale (late)chez (late)Chocolate(Mexican )coolie (Hindi)Cotton (Arabic)Lasso (Spanish)Sabbath (Hebrew)Snorke1 (German)Tepee (American)Voodoo (African)Wok (Chinese)jubilee

26、 (Greek)loot (Hindi)shampoo (Hindi) tamale (Mexican) tulip (Turkish) kibitz (German)sauerbraten (German)13.d. bonanza14. the characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous; (2) it has tremendous borrowings from all ot

27、her major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and languages.15. the major modes of vocabulary de

28、velopment of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role第三章morphememorphemeaffixaffix2. inflectional morphemes are the suffixes

29、 added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as - s (es), -ed, -ing and - est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis, un, -tion, -er, 一ness and so on.Grammati

30、cal morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was;lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3.

31、Individualisticindividualist + icstem , baseindividual + iststem, base individu + alstem, base in + dividuroot, stem, base stem, base root, stem, base undesirables un +desirable desir + ablefree morpheme =free root4. morphemeBound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affix s

32、uffix第四章Enumerate the three important means of word formation andexplain their respective role in the expansion of Englishvocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation , which crea tes 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding , which brings 28% to 30% of all the new wor

33、ds；8nd conversion , which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words2. Prefixation is to create new words b

34、y adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base 3 Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases4The best way to classify prefixes

35、is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in genera 1.5 non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobeyinsecurityirrelevantimmatureinability/disabilityunofficially unwillingness disagreement illogical inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden memorize deepenlengthenfattena. apolog

36、ized. sympathizedf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing7. a. employee participantd. waitressg pianisthorrifyfalsifyglorifyintensifysympathizeb. beautifyillegaldisloyalmodernizeapologizesterilizebeautifyc. lengtheninge to fattenh. Sterilizeb. politicianc.e. conductorf. teacherh examinee/examiner8.trans- = ac

37、ross: transcontinental, transworldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper-二 over, above: superstructure, supernatural auto-二 self: autobiography, automobile sub- 二 bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre-二 before: prehistorical, preelection ex- = former:

38、ex-teacher, exfilmerCompounding1. The three criteria are (1) stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, (compound), - -(free phrase) ; (2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of th

39、e component parts, but the free phrase is, hot /(me(compound: busy line), hot potatofree phrase: potato which is hot) ; (3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, easy(compound: a special armchair), easier chair(Sxee phrase: a

40、 less easy chair)However, every rule has expectations The same is true of the criteria Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat S + Vbrainwashing V + 0movie-goer place + far- reaching Adv+ lion-hearted adv + boyfriend S + complement snap decision V + 0 on-coming adv+v light-bl

41、ue adj + adjWhereas conversation is thebaking powder adv+n. dog-tired adv + adj love-sick adv + adjpeace-loving V +0easy chair adj+ ntax-free adv +adj goings-on V +adv derivation of new words byadding zero affixes, such as single (adj)single (v.).3. There are two ways to form verb compounds For exam

42、ple, first name (v. from first name) and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion： words such as proofread (from proofreading) and chainsmoke (v. from chain smoker) are formed by means of backformation.有教养的well-behaved丫规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品ho

43、mework家庭作业praiseworthy值得表扬的bar-woman吧女nationwide全国的clear-minded头脑清晰的military-style军事风格的respectworthy 值得尊敬的spor t swoman女运动员college-wide全校的strong-minded意志坚强的newstyle新款self-control自制self-respect自尊budget-related 有预算的 politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof防 水fire-proof防火news-letter 时事通讯mock-sadness 假悲伤fathe

44、r-in-law岳父 / 公公home-produced 自制的 half-done半生不熟的ever-green 常青的 status-conscious 身 份敏感 market-based 基于市场的once-fashionable曾经流行的once-powerful曾经强大的news-f订m 新闻片mock-8ttack 演习 sister-in-law 嫂 / 弟媳妇 home-baked 自家烤的 half-way半途的/半路的 ever-las ting 永久的 age-conscious年龄敏感的 的campus-based以校园为基地的Conversion1. convers

45、ion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, of the functions of term zero-derivation approaches conversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of de

46、riving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2 Although both are called derivation , suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj)simplify (v.)7.,examiner8. trans-=across:transcontinental, transworld9. Mono-=one:monorail, monoculture10

47、.Super-=over, above:superstructure, supernatural11. Auto-=self:autobiography, automobile12 Sub-=below:subculture, subconscious13. Mai-二bad, badly:malpractice, mainutrition14. Mini-二little, small:minicrisis, miniwar15. Pre-=before:prehistorical, preelection16. Ex=former:ex-teacher, exfilmer3 The clas

48、ses most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs4 Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different new nouns converted from verbsrefer to (1 ) st ate of mind or sensation, . desire (state of desiring);(2) event or activity , (the activity ofswimming

49、 ); (3) resuIt of the action, . buy (the result of buying) ; (4) doer of the action, (the person whom bores) ; (5) tool or instrument ,e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place, . turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever di

50、fferent ways The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e. g peel (to remove the peel from ) ; (4) to do with the noun, Shoulder (to do something with shoulder) ; (5) to be or act as the noun, e. g tutor (to be the tutor) ; (6) to make or change into the noun, . cash (7) to send or go

51、by the noun , e. g ship (to send by ship)5 When adjectives are converted into nouns , some are completely changed , thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed , thus known as partial which are fully- converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristic

52、s of nouns That means they can take a / an shorts , which are partially converted still keep adjective should always be used with the , and they can not t ake -s/es to show plural , the words can have comparative or superlative degrees： the poor , the poorer , the young, the very unfortunate.6. The

53、changes occasionally involved are (1) change ofspelling accompanied bypronunciation, e. GLife/lalf/live/liv/ , breath /bre?/-breathe /bri: ?/ and blood /bl? d/f bleed / bli ： d/ ; (2) change of pronunciation and stress , e. g use . n /ju :s / f use v. / ju:z / and permit n /p : mit/f v. /p mit / and

54、 so on.7. a stomach 【n.v.】b Room 【n. v.】c. wolf n vd. come/go v f ne. familiar a nf irmocent a ng. flat a nh ah/ ouch int f vi. warm a nj has-been/might-have-been finite v nk Hamlet proper n v1 buy v f nm. smooth a f vBlendingmotel(motor + hotel)汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence)情报advertise tics (adv

55、ert i seme nt + sta ti sties) 广告统计psywarrior(psychological warrior)心理战专家hoverport(hovercraft + port)气垫船码头chunnel(channel + tunnel)海峡隧道hi-fi(high + fidelity)高保真音响cinemactress (cinema + actress)女电影演员Clippingcopterdormlab(helicopter)(dormitory)(laboratory)prefabgas (gasoline) prof (professor) scope (telescope)champ (champion) sarge (sergeant)mike (microphone) ad (advertisement) tec (detective)Acronymy(prefabricated house)front clippingback clippingback clippingphrase clippingback clippingback clippingfront clippingback clippingback clippingbac