呼啸山庄和简爱中仆人的作用和特点

1、呼啸山庄和简爱中仆人的作用和特点Abstract(English)iAbstract(Cliinese)iiChapter 1 Introduction1Chapter 2 The Roles of Servants8Chapter 3 The Characteristics of Servants27Chapter 4 Enuly and Charlotte s Presentation of Servants46Chapter 5 Conclusion51Bibliography.53iAbstractIn 1847,with the publication of Wuthering He

2、ights,Agnes Grey and Jane Eyre.threc Bronte sisters caused great curiosity of the readers and critics,especially Emily Bronte.the authoress of Wuthermg Heiglits.and Charlotte Bronte,tlie autlioress of Jane Eyre.Jaiies struggle for independence and her romantic love with Rochester and the passionate

3、and controversial love between Catherine and Heathcliff have been reviewed for more than 100 years.Many critics have made tremendous contributions to criticism of the sources of the novels,thcir narrative styles and creating motivations as well as the analysis of the protagonists.This thesis,however

4、,focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants in tliese two novels.Even though servants are minor charactersjt doesnt follow that they play no roles and have no characteristic and therefore can be neglected. Although two novels tell quite different stories,readers can easily find some intere

5、sting and controversial images of the servants who are inseparable from the development of the protagonists and the whole stories.When they are confronted with the changeable fate of the protagonists, especially when there is the lacking of the image of the mother,they participate in the actionseven

6、 intending to mfluence the protagonists Judgment and showing their inborn conscience;some become totally callous and help to exacerbate the tragedy of the protagonists.But employedrdependent and fundamentally confined in a low social position in patriarchal society in which men are supreme.they cann

7、ot understand the exterior and interior struggle of protagonists,nor can they have independent thinking, despite the fact that some of them are somewhat literate and strongly religious.By exposing the conscience and callousness demonstrated by the servants in two novelsjhe thesis intends to dig out

8、the social and psychological state of the sen-ants in the early 19lh century,finding that they are still enslaved in the patriarchal society.lt is clear that Emily gives the reader richer and more vivid description of the servants.and pays more attention to these people than Charlotte.ii摘要1847年，随着简爱

9、、呼啸山庄、阿格尼斯格雷的出版，勃朗特三姐 妹引起了读者和评论界的极大兴趣，尤其是简爱的作者夏洛特?勃朗特和呼啸 山庄的作者艾米莉?勃朗特。一百多年里，简对个人独立的不懈追求和她与罗切斯 特先生之间浪漫而又波折的爱情故事，凯瑟琳和希刺克利夫之间狂热而又颇引人争议 的爱情故事一直为人们所津津乐道。但是长期以来评论家们更多关注的是故事的主人 公而忽略了次要人物。本文着眼于两部小说中的仆人形象，对简爱中的女仆贝线 和非而菲克斯太太、呼啸山庄里的耐莉和男仆约瑟夫进行了详细的分析。他们虽 处于隶属地位，但他们具有各自的性格特征，并在小说中扮演一泄的角色。他们不但 亲眼目睹而且参加到了主人公跌宕起伏的命运

10、当中，并试图施加影响以改变他们的命 运。通过对他们的分析，试图找岀19世纪早期仆人的共同特征和生活状态，在他们 身上既可以看到人性光芒的闪烁，良心的展现，同时也发现了人性的麻木、酸腐、冷 酷、虚伪，但总的来说他们怎么也无法摆脱他们所隶属的父权社会对他们思想的深深 烙印，没有多少自己独立的思想和自我。同时，通过分析也发现艾米莉?勃朗特给了 这些人物更为细致的描述。Chapter 1 IntroductionGrown up and educated in the early 19th century in Haworth.an industrial town which is straddlin

11、g in the main route between Yorkshire and Lancashire.three Bronte sisters. Charlotte.Emily and Anne,drew much concern with the publication of their works jane Eyre.Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in the same year.Over centuries,the protagonists in their novels.the Brontes living context and their s

12、pectacular lives have been analyzed and explored by numerous ardent readers of their novels and critics.The thesis focuses on the roles and characteristics of servants in Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre.Although those servants are minor charactersjt does not follow that they dont play a role and hav

13、e no distmet characteristics. Iii my opinion .it is worthwhile to attach importance to their roles and characteristics.Tlie fact can t be ignored that in botli novels the servants play a key role in the development of the changeable fate of protagonists and the plot with the image of mother lacking.

14、lt is known that after giving birth to six childrciLMaria.ElizabethxharlotteBranwell.Emily and AnncMrs.Bronte, Maria Branwell.died when Charlotte was only six years old,and Emily only 3 years old. After their mother died of stomach cancer in 182Lthe four eldest girls suffered from protracted hungerj

15、llnessand cold at the harsh Clergy Daugliters，School at die Cowan Bridge in Lancashirejnodel for the Lowood School of Jane Eyre.In factjheir two older sisters.Maria and Elizabeth,died at the school before Charlotte and Emily were withdrawn and brought home in 1825.Under such severe reality.thcy must

16、 have been hungry for warmth,comfort and encouragement from people living with them.With the responsibility of caring for six growing childrcn.Patrick Bronte got the help from Elizabeth Branwell. Charlottes aunt.aiid also he employed some servants to help lmn while he could tlirow himself into relig

17、ion.politics and his innovationsIt is recorded that in April 1820 Patrick brought his wife,Maria,his six children, Maria.Elizabcth,Charlotte,Branwell,Emily and Anne as well as two maidservants to the now famous parsonage in Haworth. Although his salary of around? 170 was too small to enable them to

18、acquire any savings and any luxuries,he could afford the wages for some servants1At that time in Haworth the Bronte family was among the list of gentlemen，shapter 1 Introduction2family.According to Juliet Barkerjn the kitchen of parsonage in Haworth the children would gather round the fire to pass t

19、he long.dark winter evenings with their imaginary games and to listen to the tales of their much-loved servant.Tabby Aykroyd.who stayed with the family for thirty years 2Their servant.Sarah Garrs recollected that in evening sessions Patrick gathered his children around hmTfbr recitation and talk.giv

20、ing them oral lessons in history.biography or travel3As the only clergyman covering the entire chapel at that period.Patrick Bronte was kept immensely busy.On average he baptized 290 children and carried out 111 burials a year4.With the mother lost at their early age and the father who was highly bu

21、sy.the Bronte children needed the care and warmth from the image of mother.We have every reason to believe that they got maternal love and counseling from Elizabeth Branwell,their aunt,who came to live with the Brontes after the mother died and Tabby Aykroyd,a servant who lived with them for 30 year

22、s.The prototypes of Bessie,Mrs.Fairfax and Nelly Dean were their aunt .Tabby Aykroyd and other maidservants.The influence those figures had on the Bronte children was well presented in their novels.Since Charlotte had two experiences of being governess in 1839 and 1841.the creation of Bessie and Mrs

23、.Fairfax might have been mspired by the servants in her employers houses.While Emily had no experience of being governessjhe presentation of Nelly Dean was probably mostly from her own family and account of her sisters.Tliey had experiences of being children without die mothers care,so they naturall

24、y turned to old servant and their aunt to seek comfort and emit their inner plight.Due to long experience of living with the family and great knowledge of the familyxspecially of the maslc匚Patrick Bronte.the servants tended to exert their influence on those children,which helped the Bronte sisters t

25、o create the images of Nelly Dean in Wuthering Heights and Mrs. Fairfax.Bessie in Jane Eyre.That is to say they experienced the life of living with servants personally.In their own life they were strongly influenced by servants since they had lost mothe匚and meanwhile their father was so busy.It is b

26、ecause senfants,especially female servants,played anhapter 1 Introduction3important role in their real life that in their created works,serrants also played a vital role Among the servants characterized in these two novels,only Nelly Dean caused great attention at a given periodxspecially in 1950s a

27、nd 1960s.John Fraser gave a humane analysis to Nelly Dean,declaring that Nelly did all the things in the name of action5Howe ver James Hafley argued that Nelly Dean isThe Villain in Wuthering Heights. She is both ambitious and resentful of her lack of status within the faniily.and uses her privilege

28、d access to peoples emotional weaknesses to manipulate events so that she is left effective mistress of Thnishcross Grange6.More attention was given to the narratingfunction Nelly played in Wuthering Heights.the critics think that her narration is not reliable.Through analyzing Nelly DeanJoseph in W

29、uthering Heights and Mrs.Fairfax.Bessie in Jane Eyre.the thesis is intended to show that they play an important role in the development of the storyAvithout their interference there would be another story.Their characteristics are stereotyped but complexed.Some are kind and conscious enough to give

30、valuable comfort to the protagonists in trouble and isolation,excrting the profound influence on protagonists to provide a shelter for them.Others are not totally callous and merciless,giving up the social bias to treat the protagonists cordially as they faithfully maintain the social rules that the

31、y think to be conventional in light of norms of the patriarchal society.Still others unconsciously lost their humane emotion and like a devil living in the choking and isolated environment.1.1 Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte and their creationsLiving a seclusive life with her three sisters and one

32、 brother.Charlotte and Emily read voraciously and rambled on the moors.Togethenthe four remaining Bronte children (Charlotte,Emily,Anne,and Branwell)vividly detailed imaginary worlds in story form, recording them in miniature volumes written in minute script.The three sisters.when adults.drew on the

33、ir early literary efforts and published a book of poems together under the pen names Currer.Ellis.and Acton Bell.neutral appellations.since the female authors were tended be looked on with prejudice.The fact that their book of poems sold only two copies disappointed them and they were determined to

34、support themselves as writers,thehapter I Introduction4young women began to work on novels thereafte匚Unfortunately Charlottes first lnatiire effort.The Professor,was rejected by numerous publishers.but the firm Smith.Elder&Co. urged her to try a three-volume novel with more action and excitement.Thc

35、 result was the immediately successful Jane Eyre.a novel that treats the struggle for independence, self-respect and social recognition of a woman in mid-nineteenth century Britain.In the same year Emily published her novel Wuthering Hcights.which tells a love story taking place in two old isolated

36、families.Annc published Agnes Grey.The astonishing story of their family has been often told,but we should remember from it the long apprenticeship in fantasy with their brother and sisters,the consuming mental passion of Angriajhe imagined world Charlotte created in the writings of her childhood an

37、d youth.She enacted dialectic of fantasy and reason.or release and repression. Her importance in the history of the novel is that they provide a bridge from Richardson and the Romantics to modern psychological literature.to the experiments of James and Lawrences transcendentalism.Wuthering Heights i

38、s the most purely romantic novel but. its energies are held in a dynamic balance by sophisticated technique.Its symbolism is established on a considered,symmetrical structure.its language is pellucid.and the double insulation of those phlegmatic reporters.Lockwood and Nelly Dean.ensures a matter-of-

39、fact rather than a baleful account of its wonders.Togethcr with Jane Eyre and Villette it accomplishes a late but complete accommodation of the romantic impulse to the formal demands of the novel.Though the main actions of their psychodramas take place in the isolation of the moor,or the claustropho

40、bic enclosure of house or mansion.the topography and dating are real7.To our grietthey two all died very young.Charlotte diedon 31 March. 1855Jn the early stage of pregnancy.aged 3&Emily died of consumption on 19 December. 184&agcd 3O.In her life,Charlotte created Jane Eyre,Professor,Shirley and Vil

41、Iette,Emily left us only Wuthering Heights and some pieces of poems.1.2 The condition of the working people in the early 19thcenturyIn order to get knowledge of servantssocial status and tlieir living conditionat is necessary to review the condition of the working-class which servants belonged to.By

42、 doing this.thc thesis is intended to explore the psychology of servants who escaped fromhapter 1 Introduction5the poorly ventilated wool working shops.Behind thenithere was the harsh reality with little dignity,poor sanitation and high mortality.before themthey witnessed the leisurely and luxurious

43、 life of the upper-class and getting-on middle-class.There must have been some strong conflicts on the bottom of their heart and even inner twist.Their inner conflicts and twist must be represented in their attitude to masters and accoimt of masters1 stories.With the Industrial Rcvolution.during the

44、 early nineteenth century ver)r large proportions of the population hovered dangerously near some absolute subsistence level, and were frequently below the borderline which.by any standards,delineated the possibility of minimum health and moderate comfortThe effect of industrialization on working-cl

45、ass living standards was uneven precisely because the pattern of working-class skills and incomes was uneven.Thusjelatively skilled workersprintersxarpcnters,building craftsmen,fine spinners,engineering workers,toolmakers,some iron workersxtc.formed aii economiccaristocracy of labor1. Their real inc

46、omes undoubtedly tended to rise.and by the end of the period the more prosperous among them enjoyed living standards and even lifestyles which were associated with the respectable lower middle class.Of thema modern social historian has written: These were the workers who ate meat,vegetablesJruit and

47、 dairy productsJived in the best and newest cottages and filled them with furniture and knick-knacks,bought books and nexvspapers.supported mechanic sinstitutes and friendly societies,and paid the heay subscriptions to the craft unions8.Nor was it only these sorts of skills that received better comp

48、ensation as the industrial society emerged.Many factory workers and miners, traditionally associated with the mainstream of industrial development.were among the better paid of the labor force and also among the group which saw a rise in the purchasing power of their wagesCompared with skilled worke

49、rs and the better-placed employees of factories and mincs.men and women with skills or occupational commitments unwanted by industrialism or susceptible to the competition of the machine were much less fortunate Agricultural laborers were under great pressure,as were casual laborers in towns.But the

50、 outstanding.and most heartbreakingxxample of such casualties was undoubtedly the hand-loom weavers employed mostly in their own homes.The fierce competition of thehapter 1 Introduction6power loomjhe ease with which non-mechanized weaving could be learned.and the reluctance of handloom workers to le

51、ave their jobs resulted in a remorseless squeeze on wages9Rural working-class girls might receive some part of a basic elementary education (grammar,geography,and arithmetic)and then return to work as farmhandsjnine laborers, or -arious kmds of servants.In England in 1851/over 10 percent of the fema

52、le population were working as maids.washenvomen.and chanvomen510.Urban working-class girls,with or without education of any kind .generally labored at exhausting.menial,and often dangerous factory jobs in trades such as textile production jiailmaking.and match-making. Merryn William said it is worth

53、 remembering thatxxcept where factories offered alternative work.the majority of working-class women(13 percent of all women in 1851) were servants of some sort for at least a few years of their lives.Novelists could hardly help mentioning servantsas no middle-class family was without them.but they

54、are usually there only to open doors and bring tea11.Although they were great in number.servantswere invisible in eyes of their mastersThe wages of servants seem small.The labor of a man was cheaper than that of a horse.In London,where there were at least 10.000 female servants always looking fbr*a

55、placefrom?6 to? 10 was a typical yearly wage for a maid-of-all-workjncluding room and board.An upper housemaid was paid? 12 to?20 a year with allowances.though a ladys inaid was paid only? 12to? 15.probably because she had extra pay ill the way of cast-off dothing.A cook could earn from? 14 to?20 a

56、year.and a private chef.butler, stewardand housekeeper were highe匚usually starting around?40 or?50 a year12The thesis is intended to analyze the roles and characteristics of servants in chapter 2 and 3 respecth-ely.aiid fiirther explores charlotte and Emilys presentations of servants. Notes on Chapt

57、er 1:1.BakerJuliet.The Haworth Context.in Glen,Heather.ed.The Cambridge Companion to:The Brontes.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004:272.Ibid.283Ibid304.Ibid. 185.Fraser.John.The Name of Action:Nelly Dean and Wuthering Hcights.Nineteenth-Century Fiction.hapter 1 Introduction7Los

58、Angeles:California University Press,Vol.20.No.3.Dec.3965:223-2366.HaflcyJames.The Villain in Wuthering Heights.Nincteenth-Centur)r Fiction.Los Angeles: California University Press,Vol. 13,No.3,Dec., 1958:199-2157.Hemstcdt.Gcoffrcy.Thc noveljn Lerner.Laurcncc,ed.Thc Victorians:the Context of English

59、Literature.New York:Holmes&Meier Publishersjnc.1978:12138.Altic.Richard.Victorian People and Idcas.New York:NortonJ973:529.Supplc.Barry.Material development:the Condition of England 1830 186O.in Lerne匚Laurence.cd., The Victorians:the Context of English Literature.New York:Holmes&Meier Publishers,Inc.l97& 60-6110.Altic.Richard.Victori