选修课跨文化商务交际答案

1、名词对应。(Ki nesics ): the non verbal behavior related to the moveme nt of the body or part of the body.(身势)：非言语行为相关的运动身体肌肤上或局部的身体。(etiquette ): it refers to manners and behavior con sidered acceptable in social and bus in ess situati ons.(礼仪):它指的是礼貌和行为认为是可以接受的，在社会和商业管理硕士学位。(pragmatics) : it is the stud

2、y of how speakers use the Ian guage to reachsuccessful com muni cati on, and thestudy of the effect that la nguage has on huma n perceptio ns and behaviors.(语用学):它是研究如何说话者可以运用语言达到成功的交际，而且该研究结果的语言对人类的观念和行为。(power dista nce):the degree to which power differe nces are expected and accepted by society.(

3、权力距离):在何种程度上的力量和接受不同是被期望的社会。(Values): a lear ned orga ni zati on of rules for marking choices and for resolvi ng con flicts.(价值观):学会组织的规则为标志的选择和解决冲突。(reverse culture shock ) :it refers to the“hock ” one experie nces upon retur ning to onehome cultureafter grow ing used to a new one.(反向文化冲击):它指的是 震惊”

4、一经使用后返回到一个新的增长一对一的家居文化体验。(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterizedby gai ning some un dersta nding of the new culture.(恢复期):一阶段的文化冲击获得一些新的文化的理解的特点。(Sema ntics): it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning.(语义):这是含义的话，一个系统，涉及词意义的研究。(Memo):it is a hard

5、-copy docume nt, used for com muni cati ng in side an orga ni zati on, usually short.(备忘录)：这是一个硬拷贝文件，供组织内，通常短暂交流使用。(proxemics):the study of peoplepercepti on and use of space.(空间关系学):人们的看法和空间利用研究。(un certa inty avoida nce):the degree to which the society is willi ng to accept and deal with ambiguity

6、 andun certa in ty.(不确定性规避):在何种程度上愿意为社会接受和处理模糊性和不确定性。(In dividualism):the degree to which in dividual decisi on-mak ing and actio n is accepted and en couraged bythe society.(个人主义):在何种程度上个人决策和行动是社会所接受和鼓励。(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper or unac

7、ceptable.(禁忌)：方式或一个社会或文化视为不当或不可接受的口头表达。(superstiti on s):beliefs that are incon siste nt with the knows laws of scie nee or what society con sidersto be true and rati on al.(迷信)：信仰与科学规律的认识还是什么社会认为是真实和理性的不一致。(culture shock):this term expresses the lack of direct ion, the feeli ng of not knowing what

8、to do or howto do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or in appropriate.(文化冲击)：这个词表达了缺乏方向，在不知道该怎么做或如何在新的环境的东西，不知道什么是适当或不适当的 感觉。(reject ion): a cop ing mecha nism aga inst culture shock in which we think we dontn eed an ybody, and we arecop ing fine alone.(拒绝)：一对文化的冲击中，我们

9、认为我们不需要任何人，我们是很好应付独自应对机制。(customs):they are behaviors gen erally expected in specific situati ons and are established, socially acceptable ways of behavi ng in give n circumsta nces.(习俗，)：他们普遍预计的具体情况和建立行为，在一定情况下表现为社会接受的方式。(pers onal territory):it refers to the space that people have for their own ac

10、tivities.(个人领域)：它指的是空间，人们为自己的活动二正负判断。（F,T）三，名词解释。（一）Hofstedes four cultural dime nsions （please provide examples if possible）霍夫斯泰德的四个文化维度（请提供例子，如果可能的话）答案：mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture .is:1. Power Dista nee :in clude 1. small powe

11、r dista nee cluture. 2. large power dista nee cluture .2.1 ndividualism Versus Collectivism3. Masculi nity versus Fem inin ity4. Un certa inty Avoida neeFor example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big differenee to the U.S. power is not very fan cy,

12、they pay more atte nti on to pers onal ability to play, the pursuit of power to be a lot less tha n the Arab coun tries; Arab coun tries due to n ati onal In stitutio nal relati ons, focus ing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab coun tries, in stituti ons, whether gover nment departme nts or en

13、terprises are more or less with the power of color.（比如，美国对权力的看法跟阿拉伯国家的看法就存在很大的差异，美国不是很看中权力，他们更注重个人能力的发 挥，对权力的追求比阿拉伯国家要逊色不少；阿拉伯国家由于国家体制的关系，注重权力的约束力，由此，阿拉伯国 家的机构，不管是政府部门或者企业都多多少少带有权力的色彩。）（二）low con text culture （please provide an examples if possible）低语境文化（请提供一个例子，如果可能的话）答案 the low con text culture is

14、 the liste ner knows very little and must be told practically everyth ing.低语境文化就是听众知道很少，几乎一切都必须被告知）Example: A Germa n, an America n, a Japa nese to the same restaura nt, ordered a hamburger are the resultof the n eglige nee of the cook the meat of the three have bur ned the hamburgers, and asked the

15、 three people would sayGerma n paste directly criticize the meat, criticized the chef;America ns said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good;The Japa nese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious.（一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日本人到同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果由于厨师的疏忽把三个汉堡中的肉都烤糊了，

16、问，三个人会对此次说什么：德国人会直接批判这个糊了的肉，批评这个厨师；美国人会说，虽然肉的口味不太好，但是面包，沙拉，香葱的味道还不错；日本人会说，面包，沙拉，香葱的味道不错。）2. America n con tracts are usually about ten times Ion ger tha n French con tracts. America ns like to havea lot of the con text stated explicity.The French doncare very much about the expla nati on ,as much of

17、 thein formatio n is take n for gran ted.（三）high con text culture （please provide an examples if possible）答案：the high con text culture is liste ner is alreadyon texted and so does not n eed to be give n muchbackgro und in formatio n.（在高语境文化监听器已经con texted等并不需要给予太多的背景资料。）两个题目的例子可以用上一个来解释4. 企业文化（corpo

18、rate culture）（请提供一个例子，如果可能的话）答案：In simple term, corporate culture is the way things work in a corporation.（女口果记不住 ,主要这一句就可以了 ）.Corporate culture is the in dividual con scious ness and the meaning of the gen eral, the energyembodied in the enterpriseorganizationalbehavior. Specificallyrefers to the e

19、n tirestaff in the bus in essoperati on process of the formati on of training, orga ni zati onal behavior and bus in ess associate, and infact become the main stream con scious ness of all employees to abide by the highest goals, value system, the basic beliefs and the orga ni zati on code of con du

20、ct Comb in ed.（简单来说，企业文化是事物的方式在公司工作。”企业文化是企业个性意识及内涵的总称，其能以企业组织行为所体现。具体指企业全体员工在企业运行过程中所培育形成的、与企业组织行为相关联的、并事实上成为全体员工主流 意识而被共同遵守的最高目标、价值体系、基本信念及企业组织行为规范的总和。）Example:四，简答题1)what is non verbal com muni cati on? what are the fun ctio ns of non verbal com muni cati on in gen eral?答案： Non verbal com mun ica

21、ti on is the process by which non verbal behaviors are used, either sin gly or in comb in ati on with verbal behaviors, in the excha nge and in terpretatio n of messages in a give n situati on or con text. Non verbal com mun icati on, accord ing to Samovar and Porter, in volves all those non verbal

22、stimuli in a com muni cati on sett ing that are gen erated by both the source and his use of the environment and that have pote ntial message value for the source or receiver. Non verbal com mun icati on is a way of com muni cati on without words. ”Non verbal com muni cati on is the process by which

23、 non verbal behaviors are used. Non verbal com muni cati on is everyth ing except the actual words.Non verbal com muni cati on plays an importa nt part in in tercultural com muni cati on, even more importa nt tha n verbal com muni cati on.There are six functions of non verbal com mun icati on in gen

24、 eral: acce nti ng, compleme nti ng, con tradict ing, regulati ng, repeati ng and substitut ing.1) 什么是非语言的沟通？什么是一般非语言沟通的功能？答案：非语言的沟通是通过非言语行为的使用，单独或与言语行为的交流与组合在特定的情况或上下文的消息解 释的过程。非语言沟通，根据萨莫瓦尔和波特，涉及所有那些在通信设置，同时由他的来源和使用环境，而且有潜在 的源或接收消息值生成非语言刺激。非语言沟通是没有文字的沟通方式。”1。非语言交流是通过非语言行为的使用过程。非语言的沟通是一切，除了实际的话。2。非语

25、言沟通在跨文化沟通中扮演一个重要组成部分，甚至比语言沟通的重要。3。有六大功能一般非语言沟通：重音，补充，矛盾，调节，重复和替代。2) Do you know any taboo in chin ese culture? Or any taboo in other cultures?答案：In China, messages should not be written in red ink as this has connotations of death.The biggest taboo in Chinese culture isdeath ”When the Chinese are ta

26、lking about it, theyrarely say the word directly, but find some other expressi ons to take the place of it. They often say some one is sleepingor one .2) 你知道中国文化中的任何禁忌？或在其他任何禁忌的文化？答案：在中国，消息不应该用红墨水写，因为这已经死亡的内涵。中华文化中的最大忌讳的是死亡”当中国正在谈论它，他们很少直接说这个词，但发现一些其他表达式采取它的地方。他们经常说某人是睡眠”或消失”。中文？英语复制国在中国，白色常是大悲之色和贫穷

27、之色1,In China, white is often mantra of color and poverty of color .2,In early China, the feminist higher than male is taboo在中国早期，女权高于男权是禁忌3) . What kind of in flue nee cultural differe nces may have on n egotiati on? Give some examples if possible.什么样的影响文化差异对谈判吗？举例说明，如果可能的话。答案：（1） .Negotiati ng Goal

28、: Con tract or Relatio nshipExample:America ns con sider a sig ned con tract as a defi nitiveset of rights and duties that strictlybinds the two sides anddeterm ines their in teract ion thereafter. MostSpanish and French n egotiators havealso claimed that their primary goal in a n egotiati on was a

29、sig ned con tract. The Chin ese often think that the goal of a n egotiati on is not a sig ned con tract, but the creati on of a relati on ship betwee n the twosides.美国人都认为签订合同，一套明确的权利和义务严格使双方相互作用并决定了他们的音讯。大多数西班牙语和法语谈判代表声称，他们的主要目标在谈判签订合同。中国人往往认为这个目标的谈判并非签订合同，但是关系的创造两块。.Negotiati ng Attitude: Win /Win

30、 or Win/LoseExample: Chin ese love from Lose/Wi n to Win/Win way（3）.Pers onal Style :ln formal or FormalIt has bee n observed, for example, that Germa ns have a more formal style tha n America n. A n egotiator with a formal style in sists on address ing coun terparts by their titles, avoids pers ona

31、l an ecdotes, and refra ins from questi ons touch ing on the private or family life of members of the other team.（4）.Com muni cati on: Direct or In directExample: Some groups place emphasis on losedirect and simple methods. It has bee n observed, for example, that whereas Germa ns, America ns and th

32、e Spanish are direct, the French and the Chin ese are in direct.（5）.Form of Agreeme nt: Gen eral or SpecificExample: America ns prefer very detailed con tracts that attempt to an ticipate all possible circumsta ncesand even tualities,no matter how un likely. Other cultures,such as the Chi nese,prefe

33、racon tract in the formof gen eral prin ciples rather tha n detailed rules.3）。什么样的影响文化差异可能对谈判？举几个例子，如果可能的。答案：（1）谈判目标：。合同或关系例如：美国人认为，作为一个权利和义务明确的设置，严格约束，并确定双方随后签署的合同及其相互作用。大 多数西班牙和法国的谈判也声称，他们在谈判的主要目的是签署合同。在中国往往认为谈判的目的不是签署合同，但 双方之间的关系创造。（2）谈判态度：赢/赢或赢/输例如：中国人喜欢从输/赢到赢/赢的方式.。（3）个人风格：正式或非正式据观察，例如，德国人比美国人更

34、正式的风格。一个有正式文体谈判代表坚持在解决他们的职称同行，避免个人 轶事，从对其他团队成员的私人或家庭生活的感人问题和摆在眼前。4）通讯：。直接或间接例如：有的直接和简单的方法，小组中进行的重视。据观察，例如，而德国人，美国人和西班牙是直接的，法国和中 国都是间接的。（5）表格的协议：一般或特定例如：美国人喜欢很详细的合同，企图预计到所有可能出现的情况和发生的情况，无论多么不可能的。其他文化，女口 中国，在详细的规则，而不是一般原则的形式prefera合同。4）. What is culture shock? What are the the stages of culture shock?答案：（1） .A: Cultu