2012年职称英语理工类C级新增文章

1、2012年职称英语理工类C级新增文章完形填空（2篇） 第三篇 Germs on Banknotes 第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness阅读理解（2篇） 第六篇 Making Light of1 Sleep第十九篇 Graphenes Superstrength1第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the Uni

2、ted Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th

3、 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3

4、is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those bu

5、sinesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria - no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most - about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isnt made from

6、 paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the

7、lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos. The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time stay

8、ing alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fa

9、ct remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money s been. Or whats living on it词汇：pesos/pi:svs/ n 比索 bacterium /kktirim/ n 细菌（单数）germ/d:m/ n病菌 bacteria /bktiri细菌（复数）banknote/bknvt/ n纸币 centimeter/senti,mi:t。/ n厘米microbiologist

10、/,maikrv,baildist/n.微生 polymer/plim / n. 高分子聚合物物学家 harbor/ha:b/ v怀有，藏有vendor/vendI/n小贩 注释：1.have one thing in common ：有一个共同点2. well over ：大大超过3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币展开了分析。他的研究结果是：相对于比较落后贫穷的国家，富裕发达国家的纸币所携带的病菌较少。重要的是，世界各地纸币上的病菌数量都没有达到令人担心的程度。研究还发

11、现纸币使用的年限和材质对纸币的污染程度也有影响。4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亚巴拉瑞特大学。该校建立于1994年，位于维多利亚省的巴拉瑞特市。5. after all：毕竟练习:1. A coins B money C cheques D loans2. A different B clean C hard D foreign 3. A anniversary B year C decade D century4. A along B with C within D outside 5. A countries B areas C reg

12、ions D provinces6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed 7. A because B though C when D where8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper9. A languages B colors C substances D materials10. A family B team C advisor D boss11. A expensesB banks C statements D currencies12. A nearly B mostly C likely

13、D merely13. A dirt B water C germs D oil14. A compareB connect C conduct D command15. A arms B hands Cface D clothes答案与题解:1.B 冒号后面说的是各国使用钱币的名称:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States，Aus往alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的词必 定与这些钱币有关，而且应该是钱币的总括词。因此选 money

14、最为恰当。coins 是“硬币”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“贷款”，它们都不会是答案。2.A 本题的句子说的是:虽然各国使用的纸币各不相同，它们有一个共同点，那就是纸币上 有病菌。四个选项中 different 是答案。3.D 选century 最合理。选 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合逻辑。4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本题的线索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究与以前的科学家的研究不同，他比较了各国钱币上的病菌数量， 在他之前的科学家的研究范围局限于一个国家的纸币。四个选项中只有 within 表达“在(一个国家)里”的意思。

15、5. A 经过第四题选词的思索过程，本题的形容词很自然会在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的国家。6. C 上一句说 Vriesekoop 比较不同国家纸币携带病菌的数量。本题的句子明确指出他对比 的纸币涉及十个国家。四个选项中只有 gathered (收集)与上下文的意思相匹配。7. A填词所在的句子与前面的主句存在因果关系。为什么要从食品店和食品摊收集纸币呢?因为这些地方常要用现金支付。本题答案是 because。8. C fabric 是“织物”，其制作原料不会是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡胶)。选 paper 也不对， 因为本句是说明纸币的制作

16、原料通常不是纸。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，这是合乎常理的。而且该段倒数第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。9.D 本段说纸币的材料一般不是纸，通常是用棉花织物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以选择materials( 材料、原料)是正确的。10. B 本题应当选 team。与 family (家庭成员)，advisor (顾问)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 没有可能，但总有些离谱。与团队合作研究比较合理。11. D 本段第二句提供了线索，它列出三种纸币，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealanddollar 和 some

17、 Mexican pesos。选 currencies 是最合理的。另外三个选项都不合适; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“银行” ，statements 是“账单”。12. B 本题只有选 mostly，上下文意思才连贯。13. C 前一句说用高分子聚合物制作的钱币含菌数量较少。本题的句子接着分析说，在高分子聚合物上存活较难。谁存活较难？当然是病菌。本题答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的问题。14.A 四个选项填入句子后，句子成了： “compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time

18、bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明显；connect （连接）/conduct （实施）/command（控制）amounts of time是无法成立的。只有compare(比较）不同纸币上病菌存活的时间才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新课题。15. B人们通常是用手接触纸币的。所以接触纸币后要洗手。答案是hands。第三篇纸币上的病菌不同国家的人们使用不同种类的纸币：中国用元，墨西哥用比索，英国用英镑，美国用美元、澳大利亚用澳元、新西兰用新西兰元。这些国家的纸币形状也可能不一致，但所有国家的纸币都具有一个共同点

19、：纸币上有病菌。一百多年以来，科学家们对纸币上病菌的研究从未停止过。在二十世纪初期，一些研究人员开始怀疑寄附于纸币上的病菌极有可能传播疾病。对纸币上病菌的研究大多着眼于某一国家的纸币。Frank Vriesekoop博士和其他研究人员进行了一项新的研究，即比较不同国家纸币上的病菌总数。Frank Vriesekoop博士是巴拉瑞特大学的食品微生物学家，他率领一个全球研究小组对至少10个国家的纸币上的病菌展开了分析。科学家们总共分析了1，280张纸币：所有纸币来自于人们购买食物的地方，如超市、街头小贩和咖啡厅，因为人们在那些地方往往会使用纸币。总体来说，澳元中的活病菌最少，每平方厘米只有10个；

20、中国人民币的病菌最多，大约每平方厘米100个。纸币上的病菌大多不会有危害。我们所说的“纸币”通常不是纸做的。例如，美元是印在一种棉织物上。不同的国家可能会用不同的材料印制货币。Vriesekoop和他的研究团队所分析的货币中有的是棉制品，比如美元。其他的是由聚合物所制成的。有三种纸币上的病菌的数量最少，它们是澳元、新西兰元和墨西哥比索，而且它们都是印在聚合物上。其他的纸币都是印在高棉制品上。而用聚合物印制的纸币上的病菌较少。这种关系表明，病菌在聚合物的表面上更难以存活。科学家们若想搞清楚病菌是怎样在纸币上生存的以及我们是否需要重视这些病菌，需要做更多的研究。Vriesekoop目前所做的研究就

21、是比较在不同类型的纸币上病菌存活的时间。无论Vriesekoop的研究有何发现，毋庸置疑的是：纸币含有病菌。我们接触纸币后应立即洗手。毕竟，你永远不会知道你的纸币的来源，或者上面有什么东西。第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and

22、 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt h

23、as 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of

24、their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort

25、 food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort

26、foodWe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays TroisiThinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In anoth

27、er experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones da

28、ily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness词汇：mashed /mt/ adj被捣成糊浆的macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉cheese / ti:z / n奶酪artery/ artery / n动脉assignment / sainmnt / n指定作业reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的东西remedy /remedy/ n治疗

29、方法，药物virtual/v:tul/ adj虚拟的注释：fort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. The University of Buffalo：布法罗大学，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，属于纽约州立大学，因此称为纽约州立大学水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他们最接近和最亲爱的人6. levels of loneliness：孤独程度7. only if: 只有（在情况下）8. Throughout everyones daily lives

30、：在每一个人的日常生活中。through 有“贯穿”的意思。练习：1AbutB ifC thoughD while2ApersonalityB movementC emotionsDwill3AprivatelyB usefullyC awfullyD personally4Alooked forB looked atClooked afterDlooked up5AfavoriteB trustfulC boringD annoying6AwithB onC byD at7AprofessorsB participantsC assistantsDscientists8AgroupB cla

31、ssC section D part9APreviouslyB FormallyC InitiallyD Finally10ArememberB explainCrewriteDcomplete11AsadB secureC shyD angry12AyourB ourC hisD their13AaccidentB harmC experienceDmodel14AeatingB exchangingC buyingD keepingl 5AexpressionsB estimationC cooperation Dconnections答案与题解：l. A本句前半句说土豆泥、通心粉等对血管

32、有害（ bad) ，后半句说这些食物对心脏有利(good) 。很明显，前半句与后半句意思相反，所以要选转折连接词but加以连接。2. C 根据常识判断，吃土豆泥不会对personality （性格） .movement （移动）或will （意志力）产生有利影响。随后的文章，多处提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤独感。所以选emotions 是正确的。3.D本题的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我个人而言）与下文的意思很连贯。privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）与下文的意思搭不上

33、，所以不会是答案。4. B 本题的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相当于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，与上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（寻找）、looked after （照顾）和lookedup（查找）与下文的意思搭配不上。5.A本句的意思是：人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。选项中有四个形容词，应该选哪一个形容词去修饰TV shows 呢？应该选褒义的形容词： favorite （喜爱的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但对电视剧来说谈不上信任的问题。favo

34、rite最合理，是本题答案。6. C 上一句说到，人们为了排解孤独感，常常把自己和喜爱的电视剧、流行歌曲歌手等等联系起来。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通过吃爽心食品让他们想起亲近的人，是不是也能产生同样的排解孤独感的效果呢？四个介词中只有by的词义是“通过”。其余三个介词在含义上都不合适。7.B 选professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科学家）不合常理，科学家选实验对象时不会选他们。participants ( 参与者）是本题的答案。8.A本题应该选group，指每一组的参与者。用class （班级）, section （部门）或part

35、 （部分）在意义上显然都不合适。9. D 本段叙述试验的几个步骤。第一步要一部分受试者描写与亲人的争斗，其他受试者写情感上中性的话题。第二步（文中用then 加以连接）将上述两组受试者中的每一组再一分为二，一些人描写吃爽心食品的经历，另一些人描写吃新食品的经历。接下来应该是第三步了。从四个选项中寻找，只有Finally 最合适，原来第三步就是最后一步了。1O.D 实验的最后一步是受试者被要求书面回答10个问题。complete 是答案。要求他们remember（记住）、delete （删除）或rewrite （重写） questions 都不合乎逻辑。11. B 与亲近的人争吵会引发孤独感，但

36、是，一般说来，人们的关系若是通常处于什么状态，通过写出他们吃爽心食物的经历会降低他们的孤独感呢？一定不会是sad、shy或angry ，答案应该是secure （稳定的）。12.D 修饰essays 的所有格代词在人称与数上要与they 一致，所以their 是答案。13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一种experience （经历），不会是一个accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （样式）。很明显， experience 是本题的答案。14.A 文章中几次提到吃爽心食物有助于缓解孤独感。所以本题选eating 是很

37、自然的。其他三个选项， exchanging （交换）、buying （买）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，与后面的宾语chicken soup in the lab 连用，意思上说不通。15.D 本题的答案是connections。其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。第十篇心灵鸡汤：爽心食品排解孤独感土豆泥，通心粉和奶酪可能对动脉血管有害，但是，据心理科学一项研究表明，它们对心脏有利并且能抑制不利情绪。其研究对象是爽心食品，目的是探究人们对爽心食品的感觉。“就我而言，食品在我的家庭一直是比较关注的问题”，Jordan Troisi如是说。他是布法罗大学的研究生并且是本次研究的首席作者。该研

38、究出自于他与Shira Gabriel合作的一个研究项目。它关注的是可能影响人类情感的物质的东西。有些人用诸如绑定喜爱的电视节目，和流行音乐歌手建立虚拟的关系或浏览亲人的照片来排遣孤独。Troisi和Gabriel想知道爽心食品是否能通过使人们想到他们最亲近和最爱的人，同样达到排遣孤独的效果。在一个实验中，为使参与者感觉孤独，研究者让他们用六分钟的时间描写一次与最亲近的人吵架的经历。而要求另外一些人写一个情感中性的作业。然后，每一组的一些人描写食用爽心食品的经历；而其他的人描写食用新食品的经历。最后，研究者让参与者书面回答关于孤独程度的问题。描写与亲人吵架的经历使人感到孤独。但是，一般来说，人

39、们的关系若处于稳定状态，通过描写他们吃爽心食品的经历会排遣一些孤独感。Troisi说道：“我们已经得出这样的结论：爽心食品与我们的亲人密切相连，想一想或之后真正食用这种食品会提醒人们注意到他们的亲人。”在所有关于爽心食品的文章中，许多人都描述了与家人和朋友共同进餐的经历。在另外一个实验中，在实验喝鸡汤令人想到和其他人的关系，但是，这只有在他们把鸡汤认为是爽心食品的时候才会发生。参与者被要求回答这个问题和许多其他问题是在这个实验很久以前，因此他们不会记得。“在每一个人的日常生活中，都会经历紧张，而这往往与人际关系有关，爽心食品可能是排遣孤独的便利食品”。Troisi如是说。第六篇 Making

40、Light of1 SleepAll we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock， your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control whenyou wake，when you eat and when you sleep.Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of

41、 the biological clock. Theclock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you its time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be p

42、ushing you to stay up even later.This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a

43、 kind of a gray cloud6 when they dont get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，it automatically resetsitself every

44、 day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes.Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the bodys clock8 were handled through the sam

45、e pathways that we use to see.But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether its day or night.词汇：circadian/s3:keidin/ adj. 昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的adolescent/dulesnt/ n青少年；adj青少年的puberty/ pju:bti/ n发育；青春

46、期sync/sik/ n. （口语）同步；和谐，协调synchronize/sikrnaiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步注释：1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如： We should not make light of their achievements我们不应当低估他们的成就。2. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock （生物钟）。3. stay up：不睡觉，熬夜4. This shift：这种调整。指上文所描

47、述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间越来越晚的现象。5. get your bodys clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态7. Brown University in Providence， RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是RhodeIsland（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、

48、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。8. the signals that synchronize the bodys clock：平衡生物钟的光信号 练习：1 .The clock located inside our brains is similar to our bedside alarm clock becauseA it controls when we wake，when we eat and when we sleep.B it has a cycle of 24 hours.C it is a cycle also called cir

49、cadian rhythm.D it can alarm any time during 24 hours.2. What is implied in the second paragraph?A Young childrens biological clock has the same rhythm with that of the teenagers.B People after puberty begin to go to bed earlier due to the change of the biological clock.C Children before puberty ten

50、d to fall asleep earlier at night than adolescents.D Teenagers go to bed later than they used to due to the light from the computer screen.3. In the third paragraph the author wants to tell the reader thatA it is natural for teenagers to stay up late and get up late.B staying up late has a bad effect on teenagers abilit