跨文化交际论文

1、Analysis and Recommendation ofCross-cultural Communication andManagementbased on Sino-US joint ventureA13 Busi ness En glish Class 1闻芊倩131104119TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTS I.1. In troduct ion2.1.1 Purpose and scope2.2. America n staff2.2.1 Cultural types In dividualism vs collectivism2

2、2.1.2 Power dista nee Con text cultures.3.2.2 Non-verbal com muni cati on Eye con tact. Pers onal space Gestures Recommendations.32.3 Customs, etiquette, and protocol42.3.1Face-to-face greetings42.3.2Social drinking protocol42.3.3Culture quirksRecommendation

3、s43. Con clusi on4.Refere nee5.1. IntroductionWith the economic integrationand aggravation of the Chinese market globalization process, an increasing number of Sino-US joint venture have emerged. How to do cross-cultural management? How to manageand developthe enterpriseeffectively? They are keys to

4、 the success of compa ni es.This report will provide Chin ese with coun termeasures and advicesaimed at staff from America n, by which they will be able to solve cross-cultural problems step by step, and ultimately make compa nies more in clusive and competitive.1.1 Purpose and scopeThe purpose of t

5、his report is to offer the chin ese executives of Sino-US joint ven ture feasible advices to better deal with the cross-cultural problems, in clud ing man ageme nt and commu ni catio n. An alysis and coun termeasures will mai nly cover culture of the Un ited States. And at the end of this report I w

6、ill come up with uni versal methods to better process cross-cultural man ageme nt and com muni cati on.2. American staff2.1 Cultural types2.1.1 Individualism vs collectivismAmerica is a society cherishes rugged in dividualism. America ns value pers onal success over group success and emphasize in di

7、vidual freedom and in dividual achieveme nt. They respect their values while not allow others to violate their rights. In bus in ess activities, the America ns try their best to show themselves and put forward their own sta ndpo ints actively and they care for others? judgme nt. In additi on, while

8、decisi on maki ng in an in dividualist culture may not be more rapid, the impleme ntati on of a cha nge in policy, such as a new manu facturi ng process or a new ethics code, will be perceptibly slower tha n in a collectivist culture.2.1.2 Power distanceAmerica is in cultures with a low power dista

9、nee profile. In America, the relati on ship between employee and employer is fairer and they live in a more harmonious atmosphere. Employees are good at lear ning and making progress as well as going bey ond themselves which is ben eficial for the realizati on of in dividual value. Workers accept mo

10、re responsibility and low power-distanee cultures tend to be more in dividualistic in n ature.2.1.3 Context culturesAmerica is a good example of a low con text culture .In low con text cultures, com muni catio n is explicit, clear and un ambiguous. In dividuals come directly to the point and s ay pr

11、ecisely what they mean. They focus what is being said, rather tha n on who is say ing it. Bus in ess can be con ducted successfully by letter, telepho ne, fax or email. It is not n ecessary to meet face-tace to get things done.2.2 Non-verbal communication2.2.1 Eye contactIn America n culture, it is

12、almost impossible for people to com muni cate without eye con tact. We must look into their eyes whe n talki ng to them. America ns take direct eye con tact as a sig n of hon esty and sin cerity which shows in terest and assertive ness. Otherwise, they may mistake that they are n ot in terested in t

13、he topic or in timidated and have a bad guilty in mind as well as being too shy. It can also be applied in two pers ons have differe nt social backgro und.2.2.2 Personal spaceIn America cultures, in dividual regard space as pers onal territory and detest the invasion of their turf. 0-18 inches is in

14、timate space reserved for family and close friends. 18 inches to 4 feet is personal space used in most interpersonal in teractio ns.4-12 feet is social-c on sultative space used in more formal in teractio ns.2.2.3 GesturesIn America, the ok sig n, with thumb and in dex fin ger formi ng an “ Oand the

15、 remai ning 3 fin gers slightly raised means everyth ing is going well to an America n. For America ns the han dshake is a vital test of their opp onen tthe firmer the better. Raised voices and ani mated gestures do not n ecessarily in dicate an ger. They may reflect en thusiasm and exciteme nt. Poi

16、n ti ng at some one to clarify meaning is no rmal but emphatic or repeated poin ti ng usually in dicates agitati on or aggressi on. America ns will sometimes emphasize a stron gly held commitme nt, belief or positi on by banging on the table or sudde nly sta nding up.2.2.4 RecommendationsMake direct

17、 eye con tact with them which shows in terest and atte ntive ness. 0-18 in ches is in timate space reserved for family and close frien ds. 18 in ches to 4 feet is pers onal space used in most in terpers onal in teractio ns.4-12 feet is social-c on sultative space used in more formal in teractio ns.T

18、reat America ns with direct ness because they are a very ani mated people and not averse to letti ng others know how they feel.Pro-actively studies in direct sig nals of meaning reflect ing in non-verbal com muni cati ons.2.3 Customs, etiquette, and protocol2.3.1Face-to-face greetingsand con sidAmer

19、ica ns will feel comfortable with this in vasi on of“ private space ”an aggressive gesture of moving in very close duri ng an in troduct ion and almost be right in the face of the pers on they are meeti ng. It is no t. It is importa nt to realize that crowd ing is simply a cultural norm.2.3.2Social

20、drinking protocolIn America, social drinking is a part of relati on ship buildi ng. Alcohol helps to break dow n the strict social barrier betwee n classes .In some bus in ess activities, bus in ess meals have moved towards a complete shunning of alcohol.2.3.3Culture quirksMany America ns believe th

21、e nu mber 13 to be uni ucky. Ofte n buildi ng will go fromthththe 12 to the 14 floor, skipp ing the nu mber 13 en tirely. Busin ess com muni cati on and n egotiati on are ofte n in formal and eve n whe n formal, they will be less so tha n in most other cultures. America ns are no toriously blunt and

22、 prefer to speak their mi nds.They have no con ceptof “ face ” . Whe n they disagree, they say no. America ns are very health con scious. Never smoke without ask ing permissi on .It is not only rude, but probably illegal to smoke in most public buildi ngs2.3.4RecommendationsAvoid moving in very clos

23、e duri ng an in troduct ion and almost be right in the face of the pers on they are meeti ng.Do not be offen ded by seem in gly overly pers onal questi ons.Skipp ing the nu mber 13 in some bus in ess activities.3. ConclusionCon flicts betwee n man agers and employees or betwee n employees are com mo

24、n in an en terprise, especially mult in ati onal en terprise. The most main reas on is the breakdow n of com muni cati on since they come from differe nt cultures. People coming from different cultures will have different values, beliefs, behaviors, characters and others thi ngs. These factors make

25、them have differe nt thinking modes and ways of un dersta nding to the same thing. Con seque ntly, we have to face the challe nges of cross-cultural man ageme nt and deal with the problems of in tercultural com muni cati on. Here are the recomme ndatio ns to man age employees from differe nt coun tr

26、ies effectively.Recomme ndati ons1. Communi cati on man ageme ntAtte nds to the choice of work ing Ian guage(s)Chooses modes of com muni cati on that suit the particular com muni cative purposeEstablishes and agrees com muni cati on protocolsTakes steps to deal with com muni cati on problemsAllows a

27、dequate time for achiev ing satisfactory mutual un dersta nding2. Build ing of shared kno wledgeDiscloses and elicits background information that is needed for mutual un dersta nding and meanin gful n egotiati onExposes own intentions by explaining not only ,what? s/he wants, but also ,why? s/he wan

28、ts it3. Active liste ning and Att uningListe ns atte ntivelyRegularly checks and clarifies the meaning of importa nt words and phrases, to en sure that all participa nts attach the same meaning to them, eve n whe n they are well knownNotices potential misunderstandings and seeks clarification/negoti

29、ates meaning un til com mon un dersta nding is reachedAdept at observ ing in direct sig nals of meaning, such as inton ati on, eye con tact and body Ian guage, and at pick ing up meaning from them4. Language Adjustment and Stylistic flexibilityAdapts use of Ianguage to the proficiency level of the recipient(s) so as to maximize comprehe nsibilityPays attention to, and adapts where necessary, aspects such as speed, frequency and length of pausing, complexity of sentence structure, complexity of vocabularyUses differe nt Ian guage styles flexibly to suit differe nt purposes