当代物流学小保罗chapter3讲义

1、2013/3/13CHAPTER 3Logistics andInformation Technology 物流与信息技术CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 3Section 0 Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of InformationSection 1 General Types of Information Management SystemsSection 2 Electronic Commerce and Logistics SummaryKey TermsQuestions for Discussion and ReviewLe

2、arning Objectiveslogistics of online shopping and the logistics of traditional shoppingSection 11. To appreciate the importance of effective and efficient utilization of information for logistics management2. To learn about general types of information systems and their logistical applications3. To

3、understand key differences between theBenefits of Effective andEfficient Use of Information 有效并高效利用信息的益处Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of InformationThe effective and efficient utilization of information can be quite beneficial to logistics and SCM, and four of the more prominent benefits i

4、nclude the following:an you listsome of thesebenefitsBenefits of Effective and Efficient Use ofInformation1. Greater knowledge and visibility makes it possible to replace inventory with information2. Greater awareness of customer demand can help improve planning and reduce variability in the supply

5、chain.信息的有效和高效利用可以给物流和供应链管理带来 很多益处，其中最显著的有四点： 1. 更多知识和可视 性使得用信息取代库存成为可能。 2.更多地了解顾客的 需求能够帮助改善计划，减少供应链的可变性。2013/3/13Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of Information3. Better coordination of manufacturing, marketing, and distribution through enterprise resource planning (ERP) tools.4. More stream

6、lined order processing and reduced lead-times enabled by coordinated logistics information systems.3. 通过企业资源计划工具来更好地协调制造、营销和 配送活动。 4.协调的物流信息系统可以改进订单处理流 程并缩短提前期。Benefits of Effective and Efficient Use of InformationIn short, the effective and efficient use of information allows organizations to simul

7、taneously reduce their costs and improve customer satisfaction in the sense that organizations stock the inventory that will be demanded by customer.企业有效并高效利用地利用信息保持库存与顾客需求 匹配，以达到同时降低成本和提升顾客满意度的目标。Benefits of Effective and Efficient Useof InformationDistinguish between data and information: Data are

8、 simply facts, recorded measures of certain phenomenaInformation is a body of facts in a format suitable for decision making.Section 2数据与信息的区别：数据只是简单的事实，是一定现General Types of InformationManagement Systems 信息管理系统的一般类型General Types of InformationManagement SystemsGeneral Types ofInformation Management

9、SystemsHow much doyou know aboutinformationmanagementsystems?信息管理系统的一 般类型： 1.办公自动化系统 2.通信系统 3.交易处理系统 4.管理信息系统和 执行信息系统 5.决策支持系统 6.企业系统1. Office automation system2. Communication system3. Transaction Processing System (TPS)4. Management Information System (MIS)and Executive Information System (EIS)5.

10、Decision Support Systems (DSS)6. Enterprise resource planning (ERP)2013/3/131 Office Automation System1 Office Automation SystemProvide effective ways to process personal and organizational business data, to perform calculations, and to create documents. Included are general software packages word p

11、rocessing, spreadsheet, presentation, and database management applications.办公自动化系统提供有效的方式运行个人和组织的业 务数据、进行计算并生成文件。其中的 通用软件包 ， 包含文字处理、电子制表、演示以及数据库管理等。1 Office Automation SystemThe most relevant general software packages for logisticians is the spreadsheet. Capabilities of spreadsheet software before 1

12、990s:Economic order quantity (EOQ) calculations, warehouse sizing, transportation modal and carrier decisions, production planning, center of gravity location decisions1 Office Automation SystemCapabilities of spreadsheet software after 1990s:The classic issue of transportation cost minimization, de

13、termining the optimal number of warehouse locationsThe capabilities of spreadsheet software can be illustrated in following:center of gravitylocation decisions1 Office Automation System与物流人员最相关的通用软件包是电子制表软件。 20世纪 90年代应用电子制表能处理的一些问题是： 经济订货批量计算，仓库面积测定，运输模型和承运 人决策、生产计划，重心法选址决策等。20世纪 90年代开始，电子表格的处理能力不断上

14、升， 能解决运输成本最小化的经典问题，能确定仓库布局 数目优化方案问题等Now，do you know officeautomation system include2013/3/132 Communication system2 Communication systemHelp various stakeholders employees, suppliers, customers work together by interacting and sharing information in many different forms.Telecommunication technology:

15、 通信系统有助于 不同利益相关者In 21 scentury, wireless communication will have many logistical applications.Wireless communication refers tocommunication without cables and cords andincludes infrared, microwave, and radiofax machines, personal computers, electronic mail, cellular phones,（雇员、供应商、 顾客）一同工作， 以不同形式交流

16、并共享信息。transmissions, among others.Two of the more popular types:Global positioning systems (GPS)Voice-based order picking无线通信 指的是 不通过电线电缆 进行的通信，包 括红外线、微波、 无线电传输等。Global positioning systemsLogistical valuvehiclesvisibilitydriver behaviorvehiclespersonal digital assistants (PDAs).2 Communication syste

17、m(1) Global positioning systems (GPS) Refer to a network of satellites that transmits signals that pinpoint the exact location of an object.Quite valuable to the transportation, can be illustrated in following:全球定位系统 是通过卫星网络传输信号以获取物体 的准确位置。 GPS对物流中的运输非常有价值。Do you know which area around you have adop

18、ted GPS?2 Communication system(2) Voice-based order pickingRefers to the use of speech to guide orderpicking activities.Companies that have adopted newer- generation voice-based technology have reported increased productivity and higher pick accuracy.语音识别拣选 指的是利用语音指导订单拣选活动。采用了新一代语音识别拣选系统的公司宣称提高了 生产率

19、和拣选精度。3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)Collects and stores information about transaction and may also control some aspects of transaction.Primary objective:the efficient processing of transactions.Processing manners:Do batch processingDo real-time processing交易处理系统 收集和存储交易信息并对交易过程的 某些方面进行控制。 TPS的

20、主要目标是高效地处理 交易。处理方式有批处理和实时处理两种。Electronic data interchange (EDI)Common uses of EDI include invoicing, purchase orders, pricing, advanced shipment notices, electronic funds transfer, and bill payment.电子数据交换 是在电脑之间按一定数据结构进行交 易数据传递。 EDI的一般用途包括开发票、采购订 单、定价、提前货运通知、电子转账和清算。Electronic data interchange (EDI)

21、(2) Drawbacks of EDIA lack of awareness of its benefits, high setup costs, lack of standard formats, and incompatibility of computer hardware and software电子数据交换 的缺点：缺乏对其好处的认识、高额的准备成本，缺少标准格式，缺乏软硬件兼容的能力3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)2013/3/13Electronic data interchange (EDI) ： a prominent exampl

22、e of a logistics-related TPS. EDI, the computer-to-computer transmission of business data in a structured format.(1) Benefits of EDI(2) Drawbacks of EDI(3) EDI users(4) Replacement of EDIElectronic data interchange (EDI)(1) Benefits of EDIReductions in document preparation and processing time, inven

23、tory carrying costs, personnel costs, information float, shipping errors, returned goods, lead times, order cycle times, and ordering costs.Increases in cash flow, billing accuracy, productivity, and customer satisfaction 电子数据交换 的好处：文件准备和处理时间、库存持 有成本、人工成本、信息丢失、传送错误、退货、提 前期、订货周期和订货成本等多方面的减少；现金流、 清算正确

24、率、生产率和顾客满意度等的提升。2013/3/13Electronic data interchange (EDI)Electronic data interchange (EDI)(4) Replacement of EDI: XMLXML: extensible markup language, a fast, flexible text format that facilitates data exchange via the Internet.XML可, 扩展标记语言 ,使用一系列简单的标记描 述数据，是一种简单的数据存储语言，其数据格 式快速灵活，便于在互联网上交换数据，前身是 SG

25、M(L The Standard Generalized Markup Languag)e。自动识别技术 包括光学特征 识别、机器视觉、声音数据 录入、射频识别以及磁带。Automatic identification systems are an essential component in point-of-sale (POS) systems.3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)Automatic identification technologies another type of logistics-related TPS.Include cha

26、racter recognition, machine vision, voice-based entry, radio-frequency identification, magnetic strips3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)POS systems involve scanning Universal Product Code (UPC) labels, by passing the product over an optical scanner or recordin

27、g it with a handheld scannerThe idea of POS systems is to provide data to guide and enhance managerial decisionmaking.操作时， POS系统通常利用光学扫描仪或手持扫描仪扫描通用产品代码标签。POS系统的思想是提供数据以指导和提高管理决策水平。3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)Bar code scanners : the most popular automatic identification system in use. Radio-

28、frequency identification (RFID) : recent automatic identification technology.条形码扫描仪 是最普遍的自动识 别系统。 射频识别 技术是一种比 较新的自动识别技术。3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)RFID compares to bar codes:(1) does not require clear line of sight between an object and RFID hardware(2) can store much larger quantities of

29、data(3) offers both read and write capabilities.与条形码相比，射频识别（ 1）不需要在物品和 RFID硬件之间有明确的标准线；3 Transaction Processing System (TPS)2013/3/132）能存储的数据量更大；（ 3）同时提供读和写的能力4 Management Information System (MIS)(EIS)4 Management Information System (MIS) and Executive Information System (EIS)These systems convert T

30、PS data into information for monitoring performance and managing an organization.管理信息系统和执行信 息系统 将 TPS系统 数据 转换成信息 ，用以监控 业绩和管理组织。Logistics information system : the people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to logistics

31、 decision makers.物流信息系统 可以定义为人、设备以及收集、分 类、分析、评价和发布必要的、及时的和准确的 信息到物流决策者的过程。Figure: Structure and Function of a Logistics Information System4 Management Information System (MIS) and Executive Information System (EIS)To receive needed information, it imsportantthat they be fairly specific when submitti

32、ngrequests.To receive timely information can be encompass several dimensions: (1) the up-to-date status of information, (2) how quickly managers receive the information requested.Accurate information concerns with the nature and quality of the relevant data.2013/3/13Choice shipments5 Decision Suppor

33、t Systems (DSS)Help mangers make decisions by providing information, models, or analysis tools.Specific uses ofDSS in logisticsVehicle routing issues5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)Several of the more prominent logistics- related DSS techniques:(1) Simulation(2) Artificial Intelligence (AI)(3) Appli

34、cation specific software(4) Data mining 一些突出的与物流相关的 决 策支持系统技术 是：仿真、 人工智能、专业软件、数据 挖掘。5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)(1) Simulationinvolves a computer model that is a series of mathematical relationships, often expressed as a series of linear equations.Simulation reliability is achieved by making the

35、 model as akin to the real world as possible.仿真 涉及一系列数学关系组成 的计算机模型，通常用一系列 线性方程表示。 仿真的可靠性 主要依赖于模型与现实情况的 类似程度。5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)The primary advantage of simulation is that it enables the firm to test the feasibility of proposed changes at relatively little expense.仿真的主要优点 是帮 助公司以较小的成本 测试

36、方案的可行性。 Like this way ?5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)Logistics-related simulation softwareFlexsim RaLC (乐龙 ) eM-Plant AnyLogic Automod(2) Artificial Intelligence (AI) ：Studies the computational requirements for tasks such as perception, reasoning, and learning, and

37、develops systems to perform those tasks.Encompassese xpert systems, fuzzy logic, and neural networks.人工智能 主要研究诸如感知、推理、学习的任务以及 开发执行这些任务的系统。人工智能包括 专家系统、 模糊逻辑和神经网络 等领域。5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)2013/3/13(3) Application specific softwareincludes supply chain management software (SCM), transportati

38、on management systems5 Decision Support Systems (DSS)(4) Data miningThe application of mathematical tools to large bodies of data in order to extract correlations and rules.管理软件、运输管理等。Efficient data mining is dependent on datawarehouses.For example: Wal-Mart dsata miningbeer and toastedpastry6 Enter

39、prise resource planning (ERP)All company functional areas u common database to:Standardize manufacturing processesse anancial dataWal- Mart sdataData miningwarehousesntegrate fStandardize human resource data ortcomin Costs of in Time-consuming installation processgsstallationDiscovered that when hur

40、ricanes are projected to hit the stateof Florida, demand dramatically increases for two products, beer and Kellogg Psop TartsSummary of Section 2Six general Types of Information Management Systems1. Office automation system2. Communication system3. Transaction Processing System (TPS)4. Management In

41、formation System (MIS) andExecutive Information System (EIS)5. Decision Support Systems (DSS)6. Enterprise resource planning(ERP) 信息管理系统的一般类型： 信系统， 3.交易处理系统， 息系统， 5.决策支持系统，1.办公自动化系统， 2.通4.管理信息系统和执行信6.企业系统Summary of Section 22013/3/13Review the six general Types of Information Management SystemsDiscu

42、ss their logistics- related usage in particular companies.Section 3Electronic Commerce and Logistics 电子商务与物流Electronic Commerce and LogisticsElectronic Commerce : any form of economic activity that can be conducted via electronicLogisticsChannelLogisticsconnections.Electronic connections such as:fun

43、ctionsdesignstrategyEDIInternet电子商务 是通过电子联络进行的任何形式的经济活 动。 电子联络 例如 EDI和互联网。Electronic Commerce and Logistics互联网影响物流功能、渠道设计和物流战略。The Internet has profoundly influenced logistics management.The Internet can both reduce cost andimprove service across and within logistics function.For example, on-demand

44、softwareHighest amount of Internet usage: Transportation order managementsoftware that users access on a per-use basis instead of software they own or license for installation.Avoids high capitalinvestment cost.按需软件 是用户按使用次数而 不是通过拥有或认证安装使用 的软件。按需软件避免了高额 的资金投入。102013/3/13Electronic Commerce and Logis

45、tics The Internet has also profoundly influenced channel design by allowing companies to offer an alternate distribution direct channelFinal customer orders directly from the producer rather than through an intermediary. Direct channel can affect the design of logistics in both the number and locati

46、on of fixed facilities.互联网对企业驱动设计产生了深远影响，允许其提供 直接渠道。最终用户直接从制造商处下订单而不通过 中间商；将同时影响物流的固定设施和数量的设计。Electronic Commerce and LogisticsSameness between Online retailing and instore retailingMany logistical functions occur in both, such as: transportation, warehousing, materials handling, and order managemen

47、t,The same time of equipment and materials.在线零售与商店零售的相似处：运输、仓储、物料搬 运和订单管理等许多物流功能和活动都是同时发生的 使用相同的设备和材料Electronic Commerce and LogisticsDifferences between Online retailing and instore retailingExecution of logistics functions and activities. Aspects: Smaller order quantities, open-case picking, deliv

48、ering product to the customer, return rates 在线零售与商店零售的不同处：处理物流功能和活动 方面存在很大差异。在线零售订货次数多，订货量小， 开箱拣选，到户交货的运输，退货率高于商店零售。Summary of Section 3 What is e-commerce?How it affect logistics?Discuss and express your ideas.Summary of chapter 31. Introduced the benefits of effective and efficient use of information2. Six general types of information management systems were examined3. Topic discussed EDI, automatic identification technologies.4. Discussion of electronic commerce and logisti