上海高考 语法分类定语从句 含语法新题型(教师版)

1、定语从句知识精讲1、思维导图概念限制性定语从句分类非限制性定语从句先行词定语从句两要素关系代词关系词关系副词指物时关系代词that/which区别重要考点介词+关系代词抽象化的时间、地点名词一、概念：定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，起形容词作用，也称为形容词性从句。1二、两要素：跟定语从句相关的最关键的最两个词：先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词在定语从句中充当一个成分，并在含义上替代先行词。1.引导定语从句关系词的功能:2.代替先行词3.在定语从句中担当一个句法成分三、特殊用法【两要素】i.关系代词that,which,who(whom)引导的定

2、语从句1.指人的关系代词:who/whom/that先行词在从句中作主语：adoctorisapersonwho/thatlooksafterpeopleshealth.先行词在从句中作宾语：mrwhiteinvitedmanyfriendstohisparty(whom/that)herespectedmuch.关系代词前有介词：nancyistherightpersononwhomyoucandepend.2.指物的关系代词:which/that先行词在从句中作主语：theriverwhich/thatrunsthroughthecitybringsuslotsofpleasure.2先行

3、词在从句中作宾语：thebook(which/that)youjustlaidontheshelfismine.关系代词前有介词：hereisthemoneywithwhichiwillbuyapiano.总结：关系代词中在从句中充当主语的是which、that、who且在句中不可以省略。关系代词中在从句中充当宾语的是which、that、who、whom且可以省略。当关系代词前有介词时，指人只能用whom，指物只能用which。which只能指物，whowhom只能指人，that既可指人又可指物。3.表示所有格：whose(既表示人的所有也表示物的所有)表示人的所有：thegirlwhose

4、fatherisamodelworkerisourmonitor.表示物的所有：idlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.the+名词+of+whom(which)的结构=whose+名词，下面三句意思相同，例如：1.theriverwhosebanksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.2.theriverofwhichthebanksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.3.theriverthebanksofwhicharecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea.1）th

5、erearetwentystudents,whosebackgroundsaredifferent.2）therearetwentystudents,thebackgroundsofwhomaredifferent.3）therearetwentystudents,ofwhomthebackgroundsaredifferent.4.as作关系代词的用法as引导的定语从句常出现于3thesameas,suchas,asassoas结构中。当定语从句的先行词被thesame，such，as或so修饰时，关系代词可选as，且不能省略。letsmeetatthesameplaceaswedidyes

6、terday.注意：thesameasvsthesamethat指代相似的人或物指同一人或物thisisthesamebagasilostyesterday.(相似物)thisisthesamebagthatilostyesterday.（同一物）suchasvsso/suchthatitissuchadifficultproblemasnoonecanworkout.itissuchadifficultproblemthatnoonecanworkitout.区别:as引导定语从句，指代的先行词在从句中充当成分，翻译成“像那样”.that引导状语从句，只起连接作用，翻译成“如此以至于”.as

7、as.suchpeopleaswerementionedbyhimwerehonest.（as在定语从句中做主语）iveneverseensuchaclevermanasheis.（as在定语从句中做表语）ilikethesamebookasyoudo.（as在定语从句中做宾语）ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.（as在定语从句中做状语）heisasdiligentamanaseverlived.（as在定语从句中做主语）4记住下列表格关系代词指人指物主格who、that、that、which、宾格whom、who、that、that、which、所有格ofwhom

8、、whoseofwhich、whose、ii.关系副词wherewhenwhy引导的定语从句（时间/地点/原因）。a.where指地点，充电地点状语thisistheplace.wespentourchildhoodinthatplace.替换：thisistheplace(which/that)wespendourchildhoodin.thisistheplaceinwhichwespentourchildhood.thisistheplacewherewespentourchildhood.b.when指时间，充当时间状语hellalwaysremembertheday.hisgrand

9、mapassedawayonthatday.替换：hellalwaysremembertheday（which/that）hisgrandmapassedawayon.hellalwaysrememberthedayonwhichhisgrandmapassedaway.hellalwaysrememberthedaywhenhisgrandmapassedaway.c.why指原因，充当原因状语thisisthereason.theywerelateforthemeetingbecauseofthereason.5替换:thisisthereasonwhytheywerelateforthe

10、meeting.【引导定语从句的关系副词可以用介词+which或介词+whom代替】thehotelwheretheystayedtheotherdaywasntveryclean.thehotelinwhichtheystayedtheotherdaywasntveryclean.hewillalwaysrememberthedaywhenhebroketheworldrecord.hewillalwaysrememberthedayonwhichhebroketheworldrecord.thewomantowhomispokejustnowismyenglishteacher.thewo

11、manwho(whom)ispoketojustnowismyenglishteacher.【有些介词短语有固定搭配意思的不能随意搬动】thebaby(who)mymotherislookingafterismyyoungerbrother.注意：有些先行词后面既可以用关系代词，也可以用关系副词。判断的重点在于分析先行词在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。以thecity为例(1)thisisthecitythat/whichivisitedlastyear.分析：主句：thisisthecity.从句：ivisitedthecitylastyear.visit：vt.，thecity充当的成分：宾

12、语(2)thisisthecitywhereilivedlastyear.分析：主句：thisisthecity.从句：ilivedinthecitylastyear.live：vi.，thecity充当的成分：状语，表地点。1、当先行词是place（或其他表示地点的词）thisisthefamousplacewhere(atwhich)thekingusedtomeethisministers.6thisisthefamousplacewhich/that/xwevisitedlastyear.注意：看先行词在从句中充当什么成分，充当状语用where，充当主语或宾语用which具体的地点名词

13、后可以接where从句，但其他如case,point,situation,condition,job等表示“情况，方面”的名词也同样加where从句，这种用法源于“inthiscase,atthispoint,inthissituation,underthecondition”等短语，例：therearemanycaseswherethisruledoesnotholdgood.在很多情况下，这条规则都不适用。hehadtofacetheconditionswherepressurewasheavy.iwillshowyouthepointwhereyoufail.thisisajobwher

14、eyoucanlearnsomething.helefthishometownin2002sincewhenhehasnevercomeback.2、当先行词是time（或其他表示时间的词）october1isthedaywhen(onwhich)thepeoplesrepublicofchinawasfounded.iwillneverforgetthedayswhich/that/xispendwithmystudents.3、当先行词是reasonthisisthereasonwhyhewaslatethismorning.thisisthereasonwhich/thatmayexpl

15、ainhisabsence.4、theway作先行词，定语从句用that,inwhich或xthatistheway_that/inwhich/x_hespoke.5、修饰先行词eachtime,eachday7修饰先行词eachtime,eachday,everytime,everyday,thefirsttime,theminute,themoment,thesecond,theinstant的方法如下：eachtime(不需关系代词或关系副词)isawhim,hewashappy.(定语从句/状语从句)6、whoever,whatever,whichever,whenever,where

16、verwhoever=anyonewho=nomatterwhowhatever/whichever=anythingthat=nomatterwhat(which)whenever=in/on/atwhatevertimethat=nomatterwhenwhenever=in/at/towhateverplacethat=nomatterwherewhoever,whatever,whichever可引导状语从句或相当于定语从句的句子whenever,wherever可引导状语从句或相当于定语从句的句子中替代状语whoever(nomatterwho)breaksthelaw,hemust

17、bepunished.(状语从句)whoever(anyonewho)breaksthelawmustbepunished.(主语从句)相当于定语从句wemustpunishwhoever(anyonewho)breaksthelaw.(宾语从句)相当于定语从句whereveryouwanttogo,youmaygo.(状语从句)youmaygowherever(towhateverplacethat)youwanttogo.(状语从句)相当于定语从句用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空81)thehouse_liesinthebackofourclassroomistheteachersoffic

18、e.2)thehouse_doorfacesnorthisourteachersoffice.3)ialwaysrememberthedays_aremyfamilysbirthday.4)ialwaysrememberthedays_ilivedwithmygrandparents.5)xiamen_liesinthesoutheastofchinaisabeautifulcity.6)xiamen_weliveinisabeautifulcity.7)xiamen_manyforeignerscometovisitisabeautifulcity.8)thisisthereason_cau

19、sedmelateforschooltoday.9)iquiteagreewiththereason_youtoldme.10)idontbelievethereason_youwerelatethismorning.keys:1)which/that2)whose3)which/that4)when5)which/that6)which/that/x7)which/that/x8)which/that【限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】a）限制性定语从句:是用来限制所修饰对象的意义，不能被拿掉，如果拿掉，余下的部分的意义就会不清楚；themanwhospokeattheparentsmeet

20、ingjustnowisjohnsfather.b)非限制性定语从句：是对所修饰的词作进一步说明，仅起补充作用，拿掉他，其他部分仍然清楚。非限制性定语从句通常与主句之间用“，”隔开，限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，不用“，”隔开。john,whosefatherisawriter,worksinbeijing.thebookwaswrittenbyluxun,whowasagreatwriter.as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句整句话的内容，9区别：which不能置于句首，翻译成“这，这件事”as可以放在句首，翻译成“正如”谓语动词经常为know,see,suggest,tu

21、rnoutasisknowntoall,theearthgoesaroundthesun.theyhaveinvitedmetodinner,whichisverykindofthem.hedislikedthegirl,aswasexpected.【注意】先行词是一句话或一句话的一部分时，关系代词可用which或as,但which不能放句首，as可放在句首，句中，句末，有“正如”的意思asisknowntoall,heisthebeststudentinourclass.（as在定语从句中做主语）hecamelateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.【必须

22、使用非限制性定语从句的情况】1)当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。如：hecaughtsars,whichthreatenedpeoplealot.basketball,whichisnowplayedinover100countries,isthemostpopulargameintheworld.2)当定语从句由“代词/数词/名词/形容词比较级、最高级等+of+which/whom”引导时。如：chinahashundredsofislandsoffitssoutheastcoast,thelargestofwhichistaiwan.3)当定语从句修饰整个主句时。如

23、：theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.theymovedthefallentree,whichtookthemalongtime.1)wearegoingtospendthespringfestivalinguangzhou,_livemygrandparentsandsomerelatives.a.whichb.thatc.whod.where102)i,_yourgoodfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.a.whoisb.whoamc.thatisd.whatis3)hehas

24、twosons,_workaschemists.a.twoofwhomb.bothofwhomc.neitherofwhomd.oneofwhom4)hemustbefromafrica,_canbeseenfromhisskin.a.thatb.whichc.whod.what5)theastronautdidmanyexperimentsinthespaceship,_muchhelpforknowingspace.a.whichwethinkitisb.whichwethinkareofc.ofwhichwethinkisd.ithinkwhichisofkeys:dbbbb【重难点梳理

25、】i.关系代词只能用that，而不能用which的情况：1)当先行词被为不定代词。如：thereisnothing(that)icansayaboutit.2）先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。如：thisisthebestbasketballmatchthatihaveeverseen.3）先行词被theonly或thevery修饰时。如：theonlythingthatwecandoistoaskourteachershelp.isthistheverymuseumthatyouvisitedtheotherday?4)先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰时。如：11thefirsten

26、glishfilmthatisawwas“olivertwist”.whenforeignerstalkaboutchina,thefirstthatcomestomindisthegreatwall.5）被修饰的先行词被any,all,much,no,little,few等修饰时。如：iaminterestedinallthatyouhavetoldme.thereisntmuchthaticando.heisoneofthefewthatcanworkitoutinfiveminutes.6）先行词既包含人又包含物时。例如：theytalkedaboutthefactoriesandwor

27、kersthattheyhadvisited.7）先行词是疑问代词时。如：whichisthebookthatheboughtyesterday?whothatyouhaveeverseencanbeathiminthegame?8）先行词在逻辑上充当定语从句的表语时。如：thisisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.heisnotthemanthathewas.ii.关系代词只能用which不用that的情况1.引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherhearttohermouth.2.当关系代词做

28、介词宾语时,例如:hewroteabookinwhichhecouldlearnabouthislife.在上一例句中,引导词“which”作了介词“in”的宾语,所以不可以用“that”代替.12活学活用二、1)therearemanyteachersinthatschool_iwanttovisit.a.whob.whomc.whosed.which2)thisfactorywillnottakeanyone_eyesightisweak.a.ofwhomb.whomc.ofthatd.whose3)thisisthelasttime_illgiveyouapieceofadvice.a.

29、whenb.thatc.whichd.as4)thedoctor_isgoingtoeuropenextyear.a.whichthemanageristalkingtob.whothemanageristalkingc.themanageristalkingtohimd.themanageristalkingto5)weretalkingaboutthepianoandthepianist_wereintheconcertweattendedlastnight.a.whichb.whomc.whod.thatkeys:ddbdd【定语从句的谓语动词的用法】关系代词在从句中主语时，从句中的谓语

30、动词形式由先行词决定。thestudentswhoareingrade3aregoingtoclimbthehill.i,whoamyourbestfriend,willdoeverythingforyou.tomisoneoftheboystudentsinourclasswhoareoftenlate.tomisthe(only)oneoftheboystudentsinourclasswhoisoftenlate.13【定语从句时态的简化】如果主句动词是将来时，从句动词表示的动作与主句动作发生在同一时间，从句要用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。但是如果从句动作是指不

31、同于主句动作的将来时间，则两部分都要用将来时。therewillbeaspecialpriceforanybodywhoordersasuitinthenexttwoweeks.任何人在下两周内定做衣服都将享受优待价格。willthosewhowillgototomorrowsshowhavetocomethisafternoontogettheirtickets.明天去看演出的人今天下午来取票。例题1anecosystemconsistsofthelivingandnonlivingthingsinanarea_interactwithoneanother.（2013年上海英语高考）【答案】

32、that【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺主语，判断下来是考查定语从句。此题难点在于主句中的先行词为thelivingandnonlivingthings，先行词即指人又指物，所以关系代词只能使用that。例题2haveyousentthank-younotestotherelativesfrom_youreceivedgifts?（2012年上海英语高考）【答案】whom【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺介词from后的宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句。根据主句先行词relatives以及receivesth.froms

33、b.的句型可以判断出所在空填指人的关系代词，但是介词后只能使用whom作宾语。14例题3youllfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation_youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.（2011年上海英语高考）【答案】which/that【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句缺动词hire后的宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句。此题难点在于要看出taxis后的waitingatthebusstation是一个宾补成分，从而确定先行词为taxis，这样就不会受到busstation干扰，从而确定答案为指物的which或that。

34、例题4windpowerisanancientsourceofenergyto_wemayreturninthenearfuture.（2010年上海英语高考）【答案】which【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系代词。分析句子后看出主句成分完整，从句中的动词短语returnto后缺宾语，判断下来是考查定语从句，关系代词指代前面的先行词anancientsourceofenergy。此题要注意动词短语中的介词to放在了关系代词前，所以只能使用指物的关系代词which。例题5mozartsbirthplaceandthehouse_hecomposedthemagicflutearebothmuse

35、umsnow.（2009年上海英语高考）【答案】where【解析】此处考查定语从句中的关系副词。分析句子后看出主句和从句的成分都完整，再根据先行词thehouse可以判断出是关系副词引导的定语从句。先行词是一个地点名词，所以填入where。【2015二模定语从句考点汇编】iremembericouldnotbearthethoughtofneverhearingagaintheradioprogramforschoolchildrento(26)ilistenedeverymorning.(虹口区)which2.studentsinclassroomswithunblockedviewsofa

36、tleast50feetoutsidethewindowhadhigherscoresontestsofvocabulary,15languageartsandmathsthandidstudents(37)_classroomsprimarilyoverlookedroadsandparkinglots.(虹口区）whose3.oneprocedure29_helpsmanyathletesiscreatingpicturesintheirmind.theyaretoldtothinkofeachmovetheymustdo.someusemorefancifulpictures.(黄埔区）

37、whichthat4.butscientistssayhavingenoughwaterinourbodiesandnotfeelingthirstycouldhaveahelpfuleffectonourbrains.drinkingwatermayalsoreduceanxiety,_29_hasabadeffectonexamperformances.(浦东新区)which5.whenwepasseditandlookedback,threepyramidalmountainsontheoppositesideoflocklomondendedtheview,_32_incertaink

38、indofweathermightbeverygrand.(长宁区）which6.themajorityofthose(35)_diedtodaywerechildrenbeautifullittlekidsbetweentheagesof5and10yearsold.theyhadtheirentirelivesaheadofthembirthdays,graduations,weddings,kidsoftheirown.(徐汇）who7.(thenithithimthescenewassimilartothevideo(26)_hewasshownduringdisastermanage

39、mentclasses.(奉贤）that/which8.evenincountries(38)_dontallowbargaining,youmayfindplentifulopportunitiestosavemoney.manystoressellolditemsonclearance.otherofferdiscountcardstoregularcustomers.(静安区）that/which9.therobotwasgiventhetiresometaskofcleaningupsomespiltgrainbeforeitclimbedontoakitchenhotplate(34

40、)_itdestroyeditself,accordingtoreportsinaustria.(崇明区）where10.weknowtoday,ofcourse,thateachoftheseideasledtoanincrediblysuccessfulproductorservice(32)haschangedthewaymanyofuslive.(普陀区)that11.whenpeoplegetveryinvolvedinataskthattheyhavechosen,andwhichiswell-definedandchallenging,theyexperienceflow,asi

41、tuation(40)_theydontnoticetimepassing.(普陀区)where12.eatingdisordersarepsychologicalillnessdefinedbyabnormaleatinghabits,(27)_mayinvolveeitherinsufficientortoomuchfoodintaketothedamageofanindividualsphysicalandmentalhealth.（普陀区）which13.itisnotjusttherisingcostoflivingthatiscausingthedelay.manypointedt

42、othefactthattheyareconstantlyhavingtoprovidefortheirgrown-upchildrenatanage(36)_theyassumedtheyshouldbefinanciallyindependent.when14.dogsarecalledmansbestfriend.nowastudyshowsnewreasons(25)_theyreallyareourbestpals.researchersatuclamedicalcenterinlosangeles,california(杨浦区）why1615.acouplehadtwolittleboys,(33)wereexcessivelynaughty.theywerealwaysgettingintotroubleandtheirparentsknewthat,ifanythingterribleoccurredintheirtown,theirsons