BEC高级图表作文常用词模板必备学习.doc

1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的

2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot

3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作

4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical

5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改

6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。剑桥商务英语BEC高级图表作文常用表达 对于线性图表的描述上升1. 对于上升趋势的描述： a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to increase to go up to rise to grow to jump to leap to soar to

7、shootto pick upb. 可以使用的名词：an increase a growth a jump a soar an upward trend2. 对于上升到某个位置的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词to具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词tothe peak of具体数据。c. 1. a. 中的动词reaching the peak of +具体数据。d. 1. a. 中的动词reaching + 具体数据。e. to peak at 具体数据f. to climb to + 具体数据3. 对于上升的程度的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词by 具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词副

8、词。(见下降1. 对于下降趋势的描述：a. 可以使用的动词或动词词组：to fall to decrease to go down to slide to collapse to declineto dropb. 可以使用的名词：a collapsea decreasea falla declinea drop2. 对于下降到某个位置的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词to具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词tothe bottom of具体数据。c. 1. a. 中的动词reaching the bottom of +具体数据。d. 1. a. 中的动词reaching + 具体数据。3. 对

9、于下降程度的描述：a. 1. a. 中的动词by 具体数据。b. 1. a. 中的动词副词。(见对于平稳的趋势的描述：可以使用的动词或动词词组：to hardly changeto have little changeto keep steadyto level offto remain constantto stay the same表示程度的副词：1. 程度较大：considerablydramaticallygreatlymarkedlyobviouslyquicklyrapidlysharplysignificantlysuddenly2. 程度较小：slightlygradually

10、slowlysteadily时间的嵌入嵌入时间时所使用的介词和介词词组：infromtobetween.andduringandat the start of by the end of over at the end of throughout 时间s + 具体数据上升和下降趋势的组合描述(嵌入了时间和程度之后)：1. 先上升后下降的句型：. increased slowly during and but fell sharply in .A steady fall in during and followed the sharp increase in .2. 先下降后上升的句型： fel

11、l before began to make a recovery continue the recovery, climbing to dropped during but increased again in fell and then pick up during collapsed before rising to at the end of 3. 起伏波动的句型： fluctuated sharply all through 4. 波动不大的句型： hardly changed through the period between and 柱状图形的描述转换为线形图形的描述饼状图形的

12、描述对于百分比进行描述所使用的句型： % the is/has/have/are accounts for % of the total takes up % in the whole chart趋势的比较1. 表示相似的句型 (实例) ：Both share prices rose sharply in January.Neither company has made a profit yet.Like X, Y fell in June.X rose just as sharply as Y.2. 表示差异的句型(实例)：X fell sharply whereas/while Y rem

13、ained steady.X fell quickly compared to Y.Unlike Y, X rose by 10%.X rose far more dramatically than Y.3. 表示倍数的句型：the doubled/tripled in compared with those in 4. 客观比较的句型： is in contrast to 数据的修饰1. 表示不足的词或词组：up tobelowunderalmostnearly2. 表示超过的词或词组：overmore thanjust over3. 表示大约的词：about补充一点点：一. 主章开头 图表

14、类型：table; chart; diagram; graph; column chart; pie graph 描述：show; describe; illustrate; can be seen from; clear; apparent; reveal; represent 内容：figure; statistic; number; percentage; proportion 二. 表示数据 一般：have 10%; at 10%;over 10% 最高(低)点：peaked; reached a peak/high(point) bottomed out; reached the b

15、ottom 变化：recover 略有回升； increase; jump; rise/rose; climb; decrease; fall/fell; drop; decline; reduce fluctuate 浮动，摇摆不定 remained steady/stable; stay the same; little/hardly any /no change 变化程度：sudden/suddenly 突然的，意外的 rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的 significant/significantly 有意

16、义的，重大的，重要的 sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的 steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的 slight/slightly轻微的、略微地 stable/stably 稳定的 表示范围：fromto betweenand for to 多长时间直到 表示程度：almost adv. 几乎，差不多 nearly adv. 几乎，密切地 approximately adv. 近似的，大约 about adv. 附近， 大约，转向，左右

17、，周围 just over 刚超过 over adv. 结束，越过，从头到尾 exactly adv. 正确地，严密地 precisely adv. 正好 精确地；清晰地 比例：20 per cent 20% one in three 1/3 one out of every four 1/4 三。常用词 significant changes 图中一些较大变化 noticeable trend 明显趋势 during the same period 在同一时期 grow/grew 增长 distribute 分布，区别 unequally 不相等地 pronounced 明显的 averag

18、e 平均 no doubt 无疑地 corresponding adj. 相应的，通讯的 represent vt. 阐述，表现 overall 总体上讲 except 除外 in the case of adv. 在的情况下 in contrast 相反，大不相同 in conclusion adv. 最后，总之 in comparison 相比之下 inversely adv. 相反地，倒转地 in general 通常，大体上，一般而言 rang from excessive adj. 过多的，过分的，额外 lower v.降低，跌落 elapse vi.(时间)过去，消逝 catego

19、ry n.种类 government policy 政府政策 market forces 市场规率 measure n. 尺寸，方法，措施 v.估量，调节 forecast n. 先见，预见 v. 预测1.有用的词上升：increase rise ascend core surge go up climb mount level up 下降: decrease fall drop descend decline reduce lessen level down 平稳:stable steady remain/maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to 波动:

20、fluctuate fluctuation rise and falls up and down 占:occupy take up account for gain 而:while however whereas on the other hand actually/in fact 相比:by contract on the contrary likewise compared with 最高点:the highest the top the summit the peak the most 最低点:bottom less least rock bottom 平均:mean average 趋

21、势:tendancy trend inclination 预见:prediction 达到顶峰: mount to 在*中占*:*gain the percentage of 有一个稳定的过程:a stable period can be seen 原则：A.不可能写的很好，关键是要很稳地写清楚。B.概括一些内在关联性或原因推测作为总结1. As is shown by the graph/in the table。(概述图表)正如曲线所示，最近54年来该国人口飞速增长。As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in th

22、e population of the country in the past five years.2. It can be seen from the table that (得出结论)shown graphconcluded figuresestimated statisticsA. 从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高。From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increa

23、sed (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.B. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.3. amount to (数量总计)add up tocome to sum up to全部费用合计200美元。All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to)

24、 $ 200.4. increase from to (数量增减)decreaserisefalldropA. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5000台增加到1990年的21000台。The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.B.参加者的人数增加到30万。The number of paticipants grew up to 300000 persons = increased , rea

25、ching 300000 persons).C. 这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.5.(be)three times as + 形容词 + as 总产量 total output 钢的年产量 the annual output of 上升17% rise by 17per cent steel日产量 the daily output 导致产量下降 result in a diminished output 现在我们地区的粮食产量

26、相当于1970年的3倍。The grain production (= output)in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.6.Compared with , 与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.Compared with that of last year,the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a

27、 great extent.7.There is (was) a rapid rise in be on the rise has been sharp increase on the increasesudden decrease on the declinesteady declinegradual fallslow dropslight最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.“结尾”段落中常用的句型：1. In my opinion, 2

28、. Personally, I 3. In short (= In brief), 4. In conclusion, 5.As far as Im concerned, 6. To conclude , it seems clear that 至于说到我，我赞成前一种观点。所以，我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功。As far as Im concerned ,Im in favour of the former view. Therefore, my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long

29、as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong. 同学们在选用描述图表变化的动词、名词，介词词组，形容词和程度副词方面要注意是否准确到位和形象。以下一些词汇大家重点揣摩：spiral upward / the demand for talents (fair ) spiraled upward / climbed drastically / soar / surge / experience an explosive growth / an acceleration / swell / manage a modest ( margi

30、nal ) gain / on the rise / on the ascendance / wane / shrink / slump / fall off / drop off / take a dip / take a nose dive / trend (tide ) / sth. continued its upward / downward trend. / reach the plateau / the bottleneck / sth. level off / sth. remains steady / stable / unchanged / constant / stay

31、the same / There was a slight drop( fall ) between 2000 / and 2005 / hugely / sharply / dramatically / drastically / substantially / steeply / incredibly / massively / surprisingly / alarmingly / distressingly / slightly / steadily / gradually / marginally / moderately / gently / reach a ( the ) pea

32、k / the highest point / A record number of students / reach the nadir / reach the bottom / the rock bottom / experience a moderate fluctuation / swing / 另外，大家仔细研究我下面提供的五种描述图表的句型，在考试的时候要会灵活使用。This bar chart describes significant changes in the ownership of houses in a big city in China. It can be see

33、n from the chart that a very noticeable trend from 1990 to 2000 was the dramatic increase in the private ownership of houses as opposed to the huge drop in the state ownership of houses. In 1990, three out of four houses were state-owned. However, by 2000, the percentage of the ownership of private

34、houses has soared to 80%. The above chart reveals that the huge expansion in the private house ownership has been accompanied by a corresponding fall in the state ownership of houses in a span of a decade. As is suggested (unfolded / demonstrated / illustrated / mirrored) in the above chart, with th

35、e sharp rise in the private ownership of houses; the state ownership of houses has dramatically (substantially / alarmingly) dropped in a passage of a decade. According to the above chart, there has been a drastic growth in the private ownership of houses, while the state ownership of houses has shr

36、unk steeply over the past decade.From the above chart, we can see distinctly that the private ownership of houses has witnessed an huge rise as distinct from ( as opposed to / in contrast to / in comparison with ) the drastic decrease in the state ownership of houses in a matter of a decade. 英语图表写作套

37、句精选 1.the table shows the changes in the number ofover the period fromto该表格描述了在年之年间数量的变化。2.the bar chart illustrates that该柱状图展示了3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding该图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。4.the diagram shows （that）该图向我们展示了5.the pie graph depicts （that）该圆形图揭示了6.this is a cure graph which descr

38、ibes the trend of这个曲线图描述了的趋势。7.the figures/statistics show （that）数据（字）表明8.the tree diagram reveals how该树型图向我们揭示了如何9.the data/statistics show （that）该数据（字）可以这样理解10.the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that这些数据资料令我们得出结论11.as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/ta

39、ble如图所示12.according to the chart/figures根据这些表（数字）13.as is shown in the table如表格所示14.as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in从图中可以看出，发生了巨大变化。15.from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly thator it is clear/apparent from the chart that从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到16.this is a g

40、raph which illustrates这个图表向我们展示了17.this table shows the changing proportion of a & b fromto该表格描述了年到年间a与b的比例关系。18.the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in该图以圆形图形式描述了总的趋势。19.this is a column chart showing这是个柱型图，描述了20.as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuatio

41、n of如图所示，两条曲线描述了的波动情况。21.over the period fromtotheremained level.在至期间，基本不变。22.in the year betweenand在年到期间23.in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 19981995年至1998三年里24.from then on/from this time onwards从那时起25.the number ofremained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）。月（年）至月（年）的数量基本不变。2

42、6.the number sharply went up to数字急剧上升至27.the percentage ofstayed the same betweenand至期间的比率维持不变。28.the figures peaked atin（month/year）的数目在月（年）达到顶点，为29.the percentage remained steady at比率维持在30.the percentage ofis sightly larger/smaller than that of的比例比的比例略高（低）。31.there is not a great deal of differenc

43、e betweenand与的区别不大。32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of该图表表明的数目增长了三倍。33decreased year by year whileincreased steadily.逐年减少，而逐步上升。34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of%.的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为百分点。35.the figures/situation bottomed out in数字（情况）在达到底部。36.the figures reached the

44、 bottom/a low point/hit a trough.数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。37.a is times as much/many as b.a是b的倍。38.a increased bya增长了39.a increased toa增长到40.high/low/great/small/ percentage.比低高（低）41.there is an upward trend in the number of数字呈上升趋势。42.a considerable increase/decrease occurred fromto到发生急剧上升。43.fromtothe rate o

45、f decrease slow down.从到，下降速率减慢。44.from this year on，there was a gradual declinel reduction in the，reaching a figure of从这年起，逐渐下降至45.be similar to与相似46.be the same as与相同47.there are a lot similarities/differences betweenand与之间有许多相似（不同）之处48.a has something in common with ba于b有共同之处。49.the difference bet

46、ween a and b lies ina与b之间的差别在于50（year）witnessed/saw a sharp rise in年急剧上升英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes

47、Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的

48、开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A year

49、s plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a

50、 second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed an

51、d early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every

52、minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence