轮机英语基础语法

1、ENGLISH TRAINING COURSE FOR CHIEF ENGINEERS 上海海事大学上海海事大学 李品友李品友 主讲主讲 PREFACE 1).The examination 2).The contents of the course 3).Names of engine parts,tools and marine oils 1).轮机英语课程考试简介 (1).轮机英语听力与 会话评估项目 (2).轮机英语阅读与 写作 轮机英语考试 评估 笔试 会话 短句对话 翻译关联题选择题 听力 短文 朗读叙述 问答 (1).轮机英语听力与会话 评估项目 短句 10*2=20分 对话 1

2、0*3=30分 短文 4*5*2.5=50分 朗读 1*20=20分 叙述 1*20=20分 问答 10*6=60分 (2).轮机长英语大证考 单项选择题 76*1=76分 阅读理解题 4*4*1.5=24分 2).轮机英语授课内容 第一部分：轮机英语基础词汇 第二部分：轮机英语阅读 第三部分：轮机英语书写 3). Names of Engine Parts,Tools and Marine Oils (1). Main Engine (2). Auxiliary Machinery (3). Valves & Pumps (4). Tools & Meters (5). Marine Oil

3、s (1). Main Engine two-stroke marine diesel engine four-stroke marine diesel engine low speed diesel engine medium speed diesel engine high speed diesel engine Cylinder cylinder head cylinder block cylinder liner cooling water space cooling water jacket Piston piston crown piston skirt piston pin pi

4、ston ring piston ring groove piston cooling space piston rod Cross-head cross-head pin cross-head bearing cross-head slipper (guide shoe) cross-head guide plate top (small) end bearing Crankshaft crankshaft bearing crank pin crank journal crank web crankshaft deflection big (bottom) end bearing Shaf

5、ting thrust shaft intermediate shaft tail shaft thrust bearing thrust pad stern tube bearing Propeller boss blade fixed pitch propeller(FPP) controllable pitch propeller(CPP) Fixed Parts bed-plate frame crankcase crankcase door tie-bolt (tie-rod, through bolt) Scavenging uniflow scavenging cross sca

6、venging loop scavenging scavenging port (inlet port) exhaust port (outlet port) Turbo-charging exhaust gas turbocharger turbine compressor emergency blower constant pressure system pulse system Fuel oil system double bottom tank settling tank daily service tank fuel pump fuel injector fuel injection

7、 cam Lubricating oil system sump cylinder lubricator telescopic pipe oil filter drain tank Cooling water system opening cooling system closed cooling system central cooling system expansion tank (head tank) Compressed air system air compressor air bottle (receiver,reservoir) starting air valve start

8、ing air distributor air cooler scavenging receiver Control system governor reversing device reversing servomotor control stand control room UMS (Unattended Machinery Space) (2). Auxiliary Machinery marine boiler refrigerating plant steering gear oil separator anti-pollution equipment deck machinery

9、Marine boiler donkey (auxiliary ) boiler exhaust gas boiler water tube boiler fire tube boiler furnace oil burner Refrigerating plant domestic refrigerator refrigerating compressor condenser thermostatic expansion valve evaporator refrigerant Refrigerating Plant Theoretical cycle of refrigeration St

10、eering gear electric-hydraulic steering gear four-ram hydraulic steering gear stock tiller hunting gear R P T steering wheel transmitter receiver hunting gear floating lever feed back link with pivot cylinder ram rudder stock valve block tiller cross- head cylinder isolating valve pump motor buffer

11、spring Oil separator Purifier clarifier separator bowl bowl disc gravity disc nomogram Anti-pollution equipment Incinerator oily water separator coarse separating compartment oil collection space fine separating compartment catch plate Deck machinery Cargo handling gear,cargo winch,deck crane windla

12、ss capstan, mooring winch hatch cover gangway lifting gear (3). Valves & Pumps Safety valve pilot valve non-return (check ,one-way) valve stop (shut-off, cut off) valve by-pass valve change-over valve over-flow valve make-up valve Pumps Centrifugal pump Positive displacement pump reciprocating pump

13、rotary pump ejector pump ballast pump bilge pump sanitary pump sewage pump transfer pump, priming pump, booster pump (4).Tools & Meters Impact wrench pipe wrench engineer hammer adjustable spanner screw driver bridge gauge feeler electrode welding machine Meters Micrometer thermometer pressure gauge

14、 salinometer viscosimeter flow meter oil mist detector indicator power meter,ammeter,volt meter,ohmmeter (5). Marine Oils marine diesel oil marine fuel oil intermediate fuel oil cylinder oil (high alkalinity) engine (crankcase,system) oil hydraulic oil anti-rust emulsion oil grease Chapter 1 名词 1）名词

15、的种类 2）名词的数 3）名词的格 4）名词的性 5）名词的用法 1）名词的种类 （1）专用名词 （2）普通名词 （1）专用名词 第一个字母要大写。如： the P.R. of China New York COSCO PICC IMO （2）普通名词 个体名词，如：seaman, engineer,pump 集体名词，如：people, crew, government 物质名词，如：oil, water, gas,air, grease 抽象名词，如：labour,work,reliability 2）名词的数 engines, shafts, coolers, tankers,hoses

16、, gases, boxes, fizzes, wrenches, bushes, cargoes, knives,shelves,. cities, auxiliaries,. Seamen,feet, teeth, axes, data,. 3）名词的格 （1）主格 （2）宾格 （3）所有格 （1）主格 词形不变。 （2）宾格 词形不变。 （3）所有格 engineers handbook, seamens club, tomorrows machine, five miles distance,Chinas foreign trade,the earths surface, ABC of

17、 science, a revolution of the crankshaft, the factory of the university,. 4）名词的性 gentleman, master,steward,sun, lady, stewardess, moon, earth,country,ship,. Spanner,engine,fan,. 5）名词的用法 (1).作主语 (2).作表语 (3).作宾语 (4).作定语 (5).作状语 (1).作主语 The usual coolant used is fresh water. Lubricating oil of the low

18、pressure system supplies the main and other bearings. The turbocharger runs with a terrible noise. (2).作表语 Freon12 is normally a gas when at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The main bearing is an interchangeable precision bearing. Refrigeration is the process of lowing the temperature of a sub

19、stance below that of its surrounding atmosphere. (3).作宾语 Clean the inner part of the cooler with chemical compound. Test the refrigerating system for leakage. Tighten hand wheel screw before starting. (4).作定语 The ships crew are all on board. The shaft power required is 4.5 kw. fuel oil filter, crank

20、 shaft, cylinder liner,piston ring, oil separator,. (5).作状语 Wait a moment,please. It is two feet long,three meters high and four inches thick. The pump weighs 50 kilograms. Chapter 2 冠词 1).不定冠词 a 2).不定冠词 an 3).定冠词 the 1).不定冠词 a a seaman, a motorman, a university, The protection devices should be tes

21、ted twice a year. 2).不定冠词 an an engineer, an angle, an hour, The ship sails 15 miles an hour. 3).定冠词 the This is the workshop where various tools and equipment for repair work are kept. Please show me the Classification Certificate and the dockyard report. There is a man in the engine room. The man

22、is our chief engineer. There is only one China in the world,that is the P.R. Of China. Taiwan is the largest island in China. a, an, the or / ? In _ suction stroke _air is sucked into _ cylinder through _ inlet valve. In _ compression stroke _ air is compressed. Chapter 3 代词 1）人称代词 2）物主代词 3）自身代词 4）相

23、互代词 5）指示代词 6）疑问代词 7）连接代词 8）关系代词 9）不定代词 1）人称代词 The ship entered the harbour. _was brought to anchor. Will _please show me your fuel oil specification ? Fill the requisition and then sign _. Could you show _ the certificate of the refrigerating sets? -Who is the engineer on duty?-Its _. It 的用法 It is s

24、tormy today. It is twelve oclock . It is five miles only. It is all settled now. It 的用法 It It It is recommended to the service personal to read this manual through carefully and to follow the instruction s given. We considered it it it necessary that the oil separator should be examined immediately.

25、 2）物主代词 _(他的）tool is on the bench. _(我 的） is in the locker. I didnt use _(我的）steel measuring tape. I used _(你的）. That multi-purpose wrench of _(你的) is quite easy to use. These tools are _(他们的）. _(你们 的）are over there. 3）自身代词 I cant express _ in English. When the pressure of lubricating oil has droppe

26、d down to a value less than rated, the engine stops by _. The governor is driven by the engine _. We built the 25,000 t ocean-going cargo ship _. 4）相互代词 Lubricating oil is used for reducing the friction between two metal surfaces rubbing against _. The seamen help _ in carrying out the task. We shou

27、ld point out _ mistakes and have a concern for _work. 5）指示代词 What I want is _(这个),not _(那个). In making turbine blades,the workers prefer _(这些)metals to(那些). The boiling point of water on the centigrade scale is 100and thatthatthat on the Fahrenheit is taken as 212. 6）疑问代词 _ is the heat engine ? _is

28、on duty ? _tool is it on the bench ? _metal is heavier,copper or aluminium ? 7）连接代词 This is whatwhatwhat we want. We must do whatwhatwhat the chief engineer tells us to do. WhateverWhateverWhatever we do is to build our country. The renewal of the lubricating oil filter element should be done whenev

29、erwheneverwhenever a figure of 0.7 bars is shown on the differential pressure gauge. 8）关系代词 This is the new tool thatthatthat I refer to. Fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber whichwhichwhich is on the top of the piston. Such instruments asasas thermometers and pressure gauges can be

30、 found in any engine room. Another word which means practically the same asasas unit is assembly. 9）不定代词 -Is there anyanyany fuel in the tank? -Yes,there is somesomesome. If there is any any any difficulty in supply these spare parts,please let me know as soon as possible. Do you need any any any En

31、glish reference books? 9）不定代词 ManyManyMany of the ships have UMS now. There is too muchmuchmuch water in the fuel. It is not up to the specification. There is littlelittlelittle fuel left in the tank. There is still a fewa fewa few steam pumps in the engine room. 9）不定代词 A great many ofA great many o

32、fA great many of machines were installed in the engine room. There is a great deal ofa great deal ofa great deal of fuel in the tank. On the flat upper surface of the bed-plate are arranged a number ofa number ofa number of A-shaped frames which may be manufactured of cast iron or fabricated steel.

33、9）不定代词 There are four generators in the engine room.One of them is diesel-driven,the othersothersothers are turbo-driven. Give me anotheranotheranother wrench,please. OneOneOne must try to do onesonesones best. These new refrigerators are much better than the old ones ones ones. 9）不定代词 NeitherNeithe

34、rNeither of the two ships has arrived. NoNoNo ships have left the port yet. NoneNoneNone of the fishing boats are at the port. Chapter 4 数词 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, first, second, third, fourth, fifth fifth fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninthninthninth, tenth one-t

35、hird, two-thirds, three-fourths, four four four quartersquartersquarters,. 数词前介词的用法 in 1949 in Oct.,1949 on Oct. 1, 1949 at 2 PM at 110 RPM at 16 Knots at a temperature of 60C at an angle of 20 Chapter 5 形容词 1）形容词的用法 2）形容词的级 1）形容词的用法 Stainless steel is valuable in the shipbuilding. Marine diesel eng

36、ine Model 6250 is compact in construction,simple in assembly,easy in maintenance,durable in service and economical in fuel consumption. Keep the engine clean. If dirt has entered into an oil pipe,this may cause the latter to become clogged. 2）形容词的级 （1）变化规则 （2）各级的用法 （1）变化规则 small-smaller-smallest,den

37、se-denser-densest big-bigger-biggest, early-earlier-earliest important-more important-most important, difficult-more difficult-most difficult, good-better-best, many(much)-more-most, little-less-least, far-farther-farthest,. （2）各级的用法 The temperature of explosion in marine diesel engine is as high as

38、 1200C. In a given period of time,the new machine produces twice as much as the old one. Aluminium and copper are not so hard as cast iron. （2）各级的用法 The power of this engine is larger than that. The thermal and mechanical efficiencies of the four-stroke engine are slightly better than those of the t

39、wo-stroke engine. The temperature of the lube oil in the filter is not to be higher than 130F. （2）各级的用法 This is the biggest turbo-generator ever manufactured in China. The simplest method for refrigerating cargo is the use of ice. The main bearing is a most important bearing. （2）各级的用法 The larger the

40、 cylinder bore, the greater its output. The fewer the cylinders and the larger they are,the greater will be the vibration from this source. The higher the temperature of the cooling medium in the piston,the lower is the temperature range in the metal and consequently the smaller the heat stress. Cha

41、pter 6 副词 1）副词的构成 2）副词的种类 3）副词的用法 4）副词的级 1）副词的构成 early, late, far, high, fast,long, hardly, quickly,partly, slowly, always, often, seldom,sometimes,almost,. 2）副词的种类 always,usually,frequently,often, sometimes occasionally,seldom,never, above, below,down,up,inside,outside,. Almost,enough, extremely, r

42、ather,slightly,. Carefully, normally,properly,respectively,. When, where,how, why, also, certainly,obviously,only,. 3）副词的用法 Where the pump will be installed has not yet been decided. The motormen are out. Some of the pumps here were manufactured in the factory of our country. First of all,we must ma

43、ke the best use of our present equipment. 4）副词的级 Vital parts of the engine should be examined as frequently as it is practicable. The auxiliary engine runs faster than the main engine does. Gold and silver are the least urgently needed in engineering industry. The larger the rudder,the faster the sh

44、ip will turn. Chapter 7 介词 1）介词的种类 2）介词的用法 1）介词的种类 in, on, at, to, from, of, with, by, since, after,. out of, throughout, towards, within,without, according to, as to, because of, due to, owing to, except for, in addition to,by means of, in case of, instead of,up to, regarding, including,considering

45、,. 2）介词的用法 Marine diesel engine Model 6250 is of vertical,4-stroke, direct injection,low- supercharged,water-cooled,medium speed type. Keep the temperature and color of the exhaust gases in normal condition. That machine was found out of spare parts. 2）介词的用法 The service power of the main engine at 1

46、05 rpm is 12,000 b.h.p. Fuel oil is pumped by means of a transfer pump from the bunker tanks to the settling tanks, and from there is usually led to the fuel oil separator which discharges to one of the daily service tank. Chapter 8 连词 1）连词的种类 2）连词的用法 1）连词的种类 and, but, while, or, nor, both/and, eith

47、er/or,neither/nor,not only/but also, that,whether,as far as, as if, as long as,hardly/when, no sooner/than, so that, addition that, as a result that, considering that, seeing that,. 2）连词的用法 The function of a lubricating oil is not only to lubricate the running surfaces,but also to carry away a great

48、 deal of heat. Dont smoke or use naked lights when inspecting crankcase. Only the firing stroke provides the power to drive the ship,while the other three strokes require power from the remaining cylinders to perform their various duties. 2）连词的用法 A keen sense of hearing obtained from practice is imp

49、ortant,for the engine operators depend on their ears to detect abnormal happenings in the running gear. Each cylinder of the diesel engine is independent, therefore it is much easier to cut out one or more cylinders in the event of partial breakdown. Chapter 9 动词 1）动词的种类 2）动词的基本形式 3）动词的用法 4）主、谓语一致问题

50、 1）动词的种类 （1）实义动词 （2）系动词 （3）助动词 （4）情态动词 （1）实义动词 及物动词：要求接宾语，如：raise,retain. 不及物动词：不要求接宾语，如：rise, remain. eg1:We raise the temperature. eg2: The temperature rises up to 60C. （2）系动词 be, appear, feel, look, seem, become, get, remain, turn, grow, eg1: It seems to be all right. eg2: The scavenging ports re

51、main opened. （3）助动词 be, have, shall(will),do, eg1: He has finished cleaning. eg2: The pump is being adjusted by the motorman. eg3: I do hope so. （4）情态动词 can, may,must,could, might,need, eg1: A marine diesel engine can be divided into two parts: the moving parts and the fixed parts. eg2: The fresh wa

52、ter generator must not be used in water containing weed or other impurities.A 20 miles limit from any coast must be observed. 2）动词的基本形式 （1）现在式 （2）过去式和过去分词 （3）现在分词 （1）现在式 动词原形。 主语是第三人称单数时，现在式要作相 应变化。 （2）过去式和过去分词 check-checked-checked, change-changed- changed,try-tried-tried, stop-stopped- stopped, gr

53、ind-ground-ground, shrink-shrunk-shrunk wear-wore-worn,rise-rose-risen,. （3）现在分词 working, using, lying, lying, beginning, stopping, 注意！ lie-lied-lied-lying lie-lied-lied-lying lie-lied-lied-lying lie-lay-laid-lying lie-lay-laid-lying lie-lay-laid-lying lay-laid-laid-layinglay-laid-laid-layinglay-lai

54、d-laid-laying 3）动词的用法 H e always reads the instruction book. He is reading the instruction book now. His task is reading the instruction book. He needs to read the instruction book. The man reading the instruction book is our chief engineer. 4）主、谓语一致问题 BothBothBoth the M.V. Zhengzhou and and and the

55、 M.V. Changfeng are 25,000t ocean-going cargo ships designed and built entirely by China. The steward andandand commissar has come. The young motorman as well asas well asas well as the others has learned to operate the oil separator. 4）主、谓语一致问题 The main engine together withtogether withtogether wit

56、h other driven machinery is running smoothly. NeitherNeitherNeither aluminium nornornor copper is easy to corrode. 30 kilograms is the maximum weight for each passenger. Chapter 10 动词的时态 We usuallyusuallyusually lift out No.2 piston. We lifted out No.2 piston yesterday yesterday yesterday. We shall

57、lift out No.2 piston tomorrow tomorrow tomorrow. The chief engineer saidsaidsaid that they would lift out No.2 piston the next day.the next day.the next day. Chapter 10 动词的时态 We are lifting out No.2 piston nownownow. We were lifting out No.2 piston whenwhenwhen the chief engineer came incame incame

58、in. We have alreadyalreadyalready lifted out No.2 piston. We had lifted out No.2 piston beforebeforebefore the chief engineer came incame incame in. 选择正确的时态！ I saw a powerful engine yesterday. I have never seen such a powerful engine. Watt invented the steam engine. Watt had invented the steam engin

59、e before the diesel engine was invented. Chapter 11 动词的语态 No.2 piston is usuallyusuallyusually lifted out. No.2 piston was lifted out yesterdayyesterdayyesterday. No.2 piston will be lifted out tomorrowtomorrowtomorrow. The chief engineer saidsaidsaid that No.2 piston would be lifted out the next da

60、y.the next day.the next day. Chapter 11 动词的语态 No.2 piston is being lifted out nownownow. No.2 piston was being lifted out whenwhenwhen the chief engineer came incame incame in. No.2 piston has alreadyalreadyalready been lifted out. No.2 piston had been lifted out beforebeforebefore the chief enginee