将来时间表示法 张雄威

1、将来时间表示法 1. 表示 将来时间的多种结构 n1) will/shall+不定式 n这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“预见”。例如： You will feel better after taking this medicine. Hell be here in half an hour. Do you think itll rain? n二是表示“意图”。例如： Ill do it, if you like. As the railway is not yet open to traffic, we shall go by boat. I promise to pay him back in

2、 time, but he wont lend it to me. Ill go and see Tom as soon as I get to Shanghai. n在疑问句中可以用will/shall征询听话人的意图： Will you be at home at seven oclock this evening? What shall I do with your mail? 上述用法都带有说话人的主观看法或态度在内。 n2) will/shall+不定式进行体/完成体 n这种结构表示“纯粹”的将来，不包含“意愿”、 “意图”等情态意义，有“自然要发生”的意义。 The train w

3、ill be arriving at two oclock. I shall be writing to you soon. He wont be coming to the party this evening. Ill be telling you all about it when we meet again. Will you be going home next weekend? n这种“will/shall+不定式进行体”结构还可以表示将来 某一时刻或时段里正在进行的动作。 Ill be working in Geneva during May. What will you be

4、doing this time tomorrow morning? n如果要表示将来某一时刻之前业已完成的动作便可以 用“will/shall+不定式完成体”结构。 You will have completed the elementary English course by this time next year. Ill have finished my work by five this afternoon. Before long he will have forgotten all about it. The snow will have disappeared before th

5、e end of March. n如果要表示一个已经开始的动作到将来某一时间仍在 进行，便可用“will/shall+不定式完成进行体”结构。 By the end of next month I shall have been working here for 20 years exactly. If it rains again tomorrow, then it will have been raining for a solid week. n“will+不定式进行体”，“will+不定式完成体”和“will+不定 式完成进行体”这三种结构在一定语境中也可能并不表示将来， 而仅仅表示说

6、话人的揣测。 Its already six oclock. He wont be working now. 六点了，大概不会在工作。 Hurry up. They will be waiting. 快点，他们一定在等我们。 He will have received my letter by now. 这时他一定已经收到我的信了。 You will have heard the news, so I need not repeat it. 你一定听到消息了，所以我没必要重复了。 They will have been having a holiday yesterday. 昨天他们大概在度假

7、。 Youll have been wondering all this time how my invention works. 这些时候你们一定想知道我的发明是怎样工作的。 n3) be going to + 不定式 n这一结构的主要意义，一是表示“意图”，即打算在 最近的将来或将来进行某事。例如： Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here? Were going to call a meeting to discuss it. Hes going to be a doctor when he

8、grows up. n用be going to表示“意图”的用法，意图的体现者通 常就是句子的主语，但也可能不是。例如： The wall is going to be painted green. (= We or somebody else intend to paint the wall green.) Hes not going to cheat me again. (= I wont let him cheat me again.) n“be going to + 不定式”的另一意义是表示 “预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即 将发生某种情况。例如： I feel dizzy.

9、I think Im going to faint. Good heavens! I must hurry. Im going to be late. Look at these black cloudstheres going to be a storm. George is putting on weight. Hes going to be very fat. (见P. 153) n4) be + -ing (现在进行体) n这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作， 常用于位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等， 也可用于其它动态动词

10、。如： Were leaving on Friday. The President is coming to the UN this week. The plane is taking off at 5:20. Were moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow. n以上说的“安排”是指“肯定的安排”，即说话时刻之前已 经决定了的安排。这种用法通常带有表示将来的时间状语， 如果不带时间状语，则根据上下文表示最近即将发生的动作。 例如： A: Where are you going? B: Im going for a walk. Ar

11、e you coming with me? A: Yes, Im just coming. Wait for me. (其它详见P. 154) n5) be to + 不定式 n这一结构的主要用法，一是表示按计划、安排即将发 生的动作： I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon. Theres to be an investigation. Where are we to stay tonight? 常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例 如： The Queen is to visit Japan next year. The Prime

12、Minister is to speak on television tonight. n二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如： You are to stand here. Do you understand? Tell her shes not to be back late. The dictionary is not to be had here. n6)一般现在时 n这一结构主要用于表示根据规定、时间表预计要发生的动作 或事态。常见于条件或时间状语分句，表示将来时间。例如： If she comes, well tell her. Ill give it to you after I

13、return. It wont be long before the rain stops. Wait here till the meeting is over. n在主句中一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定 日程一定会发生的将来事态。例如： Hes in all day Sunday. She retires next month. Tomorrow is Saturday. The term starts on 23rd August. Next Christmas falls on a Thursday. The train leaves at 7:30 this eveni

14、ng. 2. 过去将来时间表示法 n1) would + 不定式 n用“would + 不定式”表示过去将来时间通常带有表示过 去将来时间的状语，而且多见从属分句。例如： He said he would come back the next day. We never imagined that he would become a doctor. A: She washed the car, didnt she? B: No, she forgot. But she said shed wash it tomorrow. n如果要表示在过去将来某一时间正在进行的动作，可用 “would +

15、不定式进行体”。例如： He never imagined that some day he would be living away from his motherland. He told his friend that this time next year he would be studying at Stanford. n如果表示在过去将来某时以前业已发生的事态，可用 “would + 不定式完成体”。例如： The delegation would have arrived by 4:00 that afternoon. He said he would have finishe

16、d his thesis by the end of next month. n如果要表示从过去某时开始一直持续到过去将来某时 的动作或事态，可用“would + 不定式完成进行体”。 例如： He said that by the end of May she would have been studying medicine for three years. By six oclock that afternoon, they would have been cleaning the house for five hours. n2) was/were going to + 不定式 n用“

17、was/were going to + 不定式”表示过去将 来，也通常带有过去将来时间的状语。例如: He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. He was going to play tennis that afternoon. n用“was/were going to + 不定式”表示的动作 或事态也可以是没有实现的意图。例如： Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained. I was going to finish my ar

18、ticle last night but my friend arrived so I didnt have time. n3) was/were to + 不定式 n用“was/were to + 不定式”表示过去将来，通常指按过 去的计划、安排在某个过去将来时间发生的事态。例如： As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Thursday evening. They were not to get away with it if they continued to violate the law. n此外用“was/wer

19、e to + 不定式”也可以表示以后不可避 免要发生的事件。例如： They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. He received a blow on the head. It didnt worry him at the time, but it was to be very troublesome later. n4)过去进行体和一般过去时 n用过去进行体表示过去将来通常指按过去的计划、安 排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态。例如： He said they were going on Tuesday. He hurried into