第8-9次课 UNIT 11 Lathe and Turning.

1、 w 1.The lathe and its construction w 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w 3. Lathe Operations w 4.Cutting Speed and Feed 1.The lathe and its construction w The Lathe and Its Construction w 车床及其结构车床及其结构 w A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges. w 车床是主要用于生成旋转

2、表面和平整边缘的车床是主要用于生成旋转表面和平整边缘的机床机床。 w Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows: w 根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被安装安装刀具的数刀具的数 量和自动化的程度，车床量和自动化的

3、程度，车床或更确切地说是车床类的或更确切地说是车床类的 机床，可以被分成以下几类：机床，可以被分成以下几类： 1.The lathe and its construction 1.The lathe and its construction w (1)Engine lathes普通车床普通车床 w (2)Toolroom lathes万能车床万能车床 w (3)Turret lathes转塔车床转塔车床 w (4)Vertical turning and boring mills立式车削立式车削 和镗床和镗床 w (5)Automatic lathes自动车床自动车床 w (6)Special

4、-purpose lathes特殊车床特殊车床 1.The lathe and its construction w In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation. These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the e

5、ngine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in Fig.11.1. w 虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原操作原 理理上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过普通车床普通车床这一这一 最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图 11.1所示所示普通车床普通车床的主要部分的描述。的主要部分的描述。 1.The l

6、athe and its construction w Lathe bed. The lathe bed is the main frame, involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. w 车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱垂直支柱上上水平水平 横梁横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸

7、铁或球墨铸铁球墨铸铁铸铸 造而成。造而成。 w It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably. w 它上面有能让它上面有能让溜板溜板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的 高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。 1.T

8、he lathe and its construction w Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed). The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. w 主轴箱主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床

9、：主轴箱固定在车床床身床身的左侧，它的左侧，它 包括轴线平行于包括轴线平行于导轨导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在的主轴。主轴通过装在 主轴箱内的主轴箱内的齿轮箱齿轮箱驱动。驱动。 1.The lathe and its construction w The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds). Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle spe

10、eds, which employ frictional ,electrical ,or hydraulic drives. w 齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度( 通常是通常是6到到18速速)。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦 、电力或液压驱动的、电力或液压驱动的无级调速无级调速主轴箱。主轴箱。 1.The lathe and its construction w The spindle is always hollow, i.e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar

11、stock can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted. w 主轴往往是主轴往往是中空的中空的，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续 生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。 w Also, that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe center. The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuc

12、k, a face plate, or the like. w 同时，此孔为同时，此孔为锥形表面锥形表面可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴 外表面是螺纹可以外表面是螺纹可以安装卡盘安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。、花盘或类似的装置。 1.The lathe and its construction w Tailstock. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a

13、 casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. w 尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架体底座、尾架体和和套套 筒轴筒轴。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件铸件，它，它 有一定位装

14、置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何有一定位装置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何 需要位置。需要位置。 1.The lathe and its construction w The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock. The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be mov

15、ed longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. w 尾架体尾架体为一能为一能横向横向运动的铸件，它可以调整运动的铸件，它可以调整 尾架尾架轴线与轴线与主轴箱主轴箱轴线成一直线。第三部分轴线成一直线。第三部分 ，套筒轴套筒轴是一淬硬钢管，它能根据需要在尾是一淬硬钢管，它能根据需要在尾 架体中架体中纵向纵向进出移动。进出移动。 1.The lathe and its construction w This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw

16、, around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged. The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars. The quill can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device（夹持机构）（夹持机构）. w 这通过使用这通过使

17、用手轮手轮和和螺杆螺杆来达到，与螺杆啮合的是一固来达到，与螺杆啮合的是一固 接在套筒轴上的接在套筒轴上的螺母螺母。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的， 能安装车床顶尖或诸如能安装车床顶尖或诸如麻花钻麻花钻和和镗杆镗杆之类的工具。套之类的工具。套 筒轴通过筒轴通过定位装置定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何 点。点。 1.The lathe and its construction w The carriage. The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools

18、and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds. It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed. w 大拖板：大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产大拖板：大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产 生纵向和生纵向和/或横向进给。它实际上是一由车床或横向进给。它实际上是一由车床 床身床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床

19、床身主轴箱和形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和 尾架之间滑动的尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。形滑块。 1.The lathe and its construction w The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw. w 大拖板能手动或者通过大拖板能手动或者通过溜板箱溜板箱和光杆和光杆(进给杆进给杆) 或丝杆或丝杆(引导螺杆引导螺杆)机动。机动。 1.The lathe and its construc

20、tion w When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. w 在切削螺旋时，动力通过丝杆提供给在切削螺旋时，动力通过丝杆

21、提供给溜板箱溜板箱 上的齿轮箱。在其余车削作业中，都由上的齿轮箱。在其余车削作业中，都由光杆光杆 驱动大拖板。丝杆穿过一对固定在驱动大拖板。丝杆穿过一对固定在溜板箱后溜板箱后 部部的剖分螺母。的剖分螺母。 1.The lathe and its construction w When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed, together with the carria

22、ge, along the bed. When the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage stops. w 当开动特定当开动特定操作杆操作杆时，剖分螺母时，剖分螺母夹在一起夹在一起作作 为单个螺母与旋转的丝杆啮合，并带动拖板为单个螺母与旋转的丝杆啮合，并带动拖板 沿着床身提供进给。当沿着床身提供进给。当操作杆操作杆脱离时，剖分脱离时，剖分 螺母释放同时大拖板停止运动。螺母释放同时大拖板停止运动。 1.The lathe and its construction w On the other hand

23、, when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm gear. The latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length. w 另一方面，当使用另一方面，当使用光杆光杆时则通过蜗轮给溜板时则通过蜗轮给溜板 箱提供动力。箱提供动力。 蜗轮用键连接在光杆上，并与蜗轮用键连接在光杆上，并与

24、 溜板箱溜板箱一起沿光杆运动，光杆全长范围开有一起沿光杆运动，光杆全长范围开有 键槽。键槽。 1.The lathe and its construction w A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears. It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variet

25、y of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate levers. w 现代车床一般在主轴箱下装备快速变换齿轮现代车床一般在主轴箱下装备快速变换齿轮 箱，通过一系列齿轮由主轴驱动。它与箱，通过一系列齿轮由主轴驱动。它与光杆光杆 和和丝杆丝杆连接，能容易并快速地通过简单转换连接，能容易并快速地通过简单转换 适当的操作杆选择各种进给。适当的操作杆选择各种进给。 1.The lathe and its construction w The quick-change gearbox is employed in plain

26、turning, facing and thread cutting operations. Since that gearbox is linked to the spindle, the distance that the apron (and the cutting tool) travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed. w 快速变换齿轮箱可用于快速变换齿轮箱可用于普通车削普通车削、端面切削端面切削 和和螺旋切削螺旋切削作业中。由于这种齿轮箱与主轴

27、作业中。由于这种齿轮箱与主轴 相连，主轴每转相连，主轴每转一圈溜板箱一圈溜板箱(和切削刀具和切削刀具)运动运动 的距离能被控制，这距离就可以被认为是进的距离能被控制，这距离就可以被认为是进 给。给。 w 1.The lathe and its construction w 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w 3. Lathe Operations w 4.Cutting Speed and Feed 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Lathe Cutting Tools w 车床切削刀具车床切削刀具 w The shape and geometry of the

28、 lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are employed. w 车床刀具的形状和几何参数取决于它们的使用目的。车床刀具的形状和几何参数取决于它们的使用目的。 w Turning tools can be classified into two main groups, namely, external cutting tools and internal cutting tools. Each of these two groups include the following types of tools: w 车削刀具可

29、以分为两个主要组别，即外部切削刀具和车削刀具可以分为两个主要组别，即外部切削刀具和 内部切削刀具。这两组中的每一组都包括以下类型刀内部切削刀具。这两组中的每一组都包括以下类型刀 具：具： 2. Lathe Cutting Tools Common Cutting tools 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Turning tools. Turning tools can be either finishing or rough turning tools. Rough turning tools have small nose radius and are employed

30、when deep cuts are made. w 车削刀具：车削刀具可以是精车刀具或粗车车削刀具：车削刀具可以是精车刀具或粗车 刀具。粗车刀具刀具。粗车刀具刀尖半径刀尖半径较小，用于深切削较小，用于深切削 。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w On the other hand, finishing tools have larger nose radius and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by making slight depths of

31、cut. Rough turning tools can be right-hand or left-hand types, depending upon the direction of feed. They can have straight, bent, or offset shanks. w 而精车刀具而精车刀具刀尖半径刀尖半径较大，用于通过微量进刀深度来较大，用于通过微量进刀深度来 获得具有较好表面光洁度的最终所需尺寸。粗车刀具获得具有较好表面光洁度的最终所需尺寸。粗车刀具 按其进给方向可以是右手型的或是左手型的。它们可按其进给方向可以是右手型的或是左手型的。它们可 以有直的、弯的或

32、以有直的、弯的或偏置的刀杆偏置的刀杆。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Facing tools. Facing tools are employed in facing operations for machining plane side or end surfaces. There are tools for machining left-hand-side surfaces and tools for right-hand-side surfaces. Those side surfaces are generated through the use of the c

33、ross feed, contrary to turning operations, where the usual longitudinal feed is used. w 端面刀具：端面刀具用在端面刀具：端面刀具用在端面作业端面作业中加工平板侧面或中加工平板侧面或 端部表面，也有加工左右侧表面之分。与一般采用纵端部表面，也有加工左右侧表面之分。与一般采用纵 向进给的向进给的车削作业车削作业相反，那些侧表面通过采用横向进相反，那些侧表面通过采用横向进 给产生。给产生。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Cutoff tools. Cutoff tools, which are

34、 sometimes called parting tools, serve to separate the workpiece into parts and/or machine external annular grooves. w 切断刀具：切断刀具，有时也称为切断刀具：切断刀具，有时也称为分割刀具分割刀具 ，用于将工件分割成若干部分和，用于将工件分割成若干部分和/或加工外部或加工外部 环形槽环形槽。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Thread-cutting tools. Thread-cutting tools have either triangular, sq

35、uare, or trapezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the desired thread. Also, the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread forms. w 螺纹切削刀具：螺纹切削刀具根据所需螺纹切削刀具：螺纹切削刀具根据所需螺纹螺纹 的的横截面横截面，有，有三角形三角形的、的、矩形的矩形的或或梯形梯形的切的切 削刃。同时，这些刀具的平面角必须始终与削刃。同时，这些刀具的平面角必须

36、始终与 螺纹形状螺纹形状的平面角保持一致。的平面角保持一致。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Thread-cutting tools have straight shanks for external thread cutting and are of the bent- shank type when cutting internal threads. w 车外螺纹的螺纹切削刀具为车外螺纹的螺纹切削刀具为直刀杆直刀杆，而车内，而车内 螺纹的螺纹切削刀具则是螺纹的螺纹切削刀具则是弯刀杆弯刀杆。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w Form tools. For

37、m tools have edges especially manufactured to take a certain form, which is opposite to the desired shape of the machined workpiece. w 成形刀具：成形刀具有专门制成特定形状的成形刀具：成形刀具有专门制成特定形状的 刀刃，这种刀刃形状与被加工工件所需外形刀刃，这种刀刃形状与被加工工件所需外形 正好相反。正好相反。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w An HSS(High-Speed -Steel) tool is usually made in t

38、he form of a single piece, contrary to cemented carbides or ceramic, which are made in the form of tips. The latter are brazed or mechanically fastened to steel shanks w 高速钢刀具通常以单件形式制造，而硬质合高速钢刀具通常以单件形式制造，而硬质合 金或陶瓷刀具则以金或陶瓷刀具则以刀尖刀尖形式制造。后者用形式制造。后者用铜铜 焊焊或机械方法固定于钢质刀杆上。或机械方法固定于钢质刀杆上。 2. Lathe Cutting Tool

39、s w Fig.11.2 indicates an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip, the chip breaker, the pad, the clamping screw (with a washer and a nut), and the shank. w 图图11.2所示为机械式固定布置方式，它包括了所示为机械式固定布置方式，它包括了 硬质合金刀尖硬质合金刀尖、断屑槽断屑槽、衬垫衬垫、卡装螺杆卡装螺杆(带带 有垫圈和螺母有垫圈和螺母)及及刀杆刀杆。 2. Lathe Cutting Too

40、ls w As the name suggests, the function of the chip breaker is to break long chips every now and then, thus preventing the formation of very long twisted ribbons that may cause problems during the machining operation. w 顾名思义，断屑槽的功能就是不时地折断长顾名思义，断屑槽的功能就是不时地折断长 切屑，以防形成很长的可能会在机加工操作切屑，以防形成很长的可能会在机加工操作 中引

41、起问题的缠绕中引起问题的缠绕切屑条切屑条。 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w The carbide tips (or ceramic tips) can have different shapes, depending upon the machining operations for which they are to be employed. The tips can either be solid or with a central through hole, depending on whether brazing or mechanical clamping is

42、employed for mounting the tip on the shank. w 硬质合金刀尖硬质合金刀尖(或陶瓷刀尖或陶瓷刀尖)根据采用它们的机根据采用它们的机 加工操作，可以有不同的形状。根据将刀尖加工操作，可以有不同的形状。根据将刀尖 装配在刀杆上是通过用装配在刀杆上是通过用铜焊铜焊还是还是机械卡装机械卡装， 刀尖可以是实心的或是带有中心通孔的。刀尖可以是实心的或是带有中心通孔的。 w 1.The lathe and its construction w 2. Lathe Cutting Tools w 3. Lathe Operations w 4.Cutting Speed

43、 and Feed 3. Lathe Operations w Lathe Operations w 车床操作车床操作 w In the following section, we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine lathe. w 在下面这节中，要讨论的是能在传统普通车在下面这节中，要讨论的是能在传统普通车 床上进行的各种机加工作业。床上进行的各种机加工作业。 3. Lathe Operations w It must be borne in mind

44、, however, that modern computerized numerically controlled lathes have more capabilities and can do other operations, such as contouring, for example. Following are conventional lathe operations. w 然而，必须记住现代计算机数控车床具有更然而，必须记住现代计算机数控车床具有更 多的功能并且可以进行其它操作，例如仿型多的功能并且可以进行其它操作，例如仿型 。下面是传统车床的操作。下面是传统车床的操作。

45、3. Lathe Operations w Cylindrical turning. Cylindrical turning is the simplest and the most common of all lathe operations. A single full turn of the workpiece generates a circle whose center falls on the lathe axis; this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion

46、of the tool. w 圆柱面车削：圆柱面车削是所有车床操作中圆柱面车削：圆柱面车削是所有车床操作中 最简单也是最普通的。工件旋转一整圈产生最简单也是最普通的。工件旋转一整圈产生 一个圆心落在车床主轴上的圆；由于刀具的一个圆心落在车床主轴上的圆；由于刀具的 轴向进给运动这种动作重复许多次。轴向进给运动这种动作重复许多次。 3. Lathe Operations w The resulting machining marks are, therefore, a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the feed. Cons

47、equently, the machined surface is always cylindrical. w 所以，由此产生的机加工痕迹是一条具有很所以，由此产生的机加工痕迹是一条具有很 小节距的螺旋线，该节距等于进给。因此机小节距的螺旋线，该节距等于进给。因此机 加工表面始终是圆柱形的。加工表面始终是圆柱形的。 3. Lathe Operations w The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the compound rest, either manually or automatically, whereas the depth of

48、 cut is controlled by the cross slide. w 轴向进给通过大拖板或复式刀架手动或自动轴向进给通过大拖板或复式刀架手动或自动 提供，然而切削深度则由横向滑板控制。提供，然而切削深度则由横向滑板控制。 3. Lathe Operations w In roughing cuts, it is recommended that large depths of cuts (up to 0.25in. or 6mm, depending upon the workpiece material) and smaller feeds would be used. On t

49、he other hand, very fine feeds, smaller depths of cut (less than 0.05in, or 0.4mm), and high cutting speeds are preferred for finishing cuts. w 粗车中，推荐使用较大切削深度粗车中，推荐使用较大切削深度(根据工件材料可达根据工件材料可达 0.25英寸或英寸或6毫米毫米)和较小进给。另一方面，精车则最和较小进给。另一方面，精车则最 好采用很小的进给、较小的切削深度好采用很小的进给、较小的切削深度(小于小于0.05英寸或英寸或 0.4毫米毫米)和较高的切削速

50、度。和较高的切削速度。 3. Lathe Operations w Facing. The result of a facing operation is a flat surface that is either the whole end surface of the workpiece or an annular intermediate surface like a shoulder. During a facing operation, feed is provided by the cross slide, whereas the depth of cut is controlle

51、d by the carriage or compound rest. w 端面车削：端面车削操作的结果是将工件整个端部表端面车削：端面车削操作的结果是将工件整个端部表 面或者像轴肩之类的中间环形表面加工平整。在端面面或者像轴肩之类的中间环形表面加工平整。在端面 车削操作中，进给由横向滑板提供，而切削深度则通车削操作中，进给由横向滑板提供，而切削深度则通 过大拖板或复式刀架控制。过大拖板或复式刀架控制。 3. Lathe Operations w Facing can be carried out either from the periphery inward or from the cen

52、ter of the workpiece outward. It is obvious that the machining marks in both cases take the form of a spiral. w 端面车削既可以从外表面向内切削也可以从端面车削既可以从外表面向内切削也可以从 工件中心往外切削。很明显在这两种情况下工件中心往外切削。很明显在这两种情况下 机加工痕迹都是螺线形式。机加工痕迹都是螺线形式。 3. Lathe Operations w Usually, it is preferred to clamp the carriage during a facing

53、operation, since the cutting force tends to push the tool (and, of course, the whole carriage) away from the workpiece. In most facing operations, the workpiece is held in a cTck or on a face plate. w 通常在端面车削作业时习惯于采用夹住大拖板，这是通常在端面车削作业时习惯于采用夹住大拖板，这是 因为切削力倾向于将刀具因为切削力倾向于将刀具(当然包括整个大拖板当然包括整个大拖板)推离推离 工件。在大

54、多数端面车削作业中，工件被支撑在卡盘工件。在大多数端面车削作业中，工件被支撑在卡盘 或花盘上。或花盘上。 3. Lathe Operations w Groove cutting. In cut-off and groove-cutting operations, only cross feed of the tool is employed. The cut-off and grooving tools, which were previously discussed, are employed. w 开槽：在切断和开槽操作中，刀具只有横向开槽：在切断和开槽操作中，刀具只有横向 进给。要采用

55、前面已经讨论过的切断和开槽进给。要采用前面已经讨论过的切断和开槽 刀具。刀具。 3. Lathe Operations w Boring and internal turning. Boring and internal turning are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal cutting tools. If the initial workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first. The drill

56、ing tool is held in the tailstock, and the latter is then fed against the workpiece. w 镗孔和内部车削：镗孔和内部车削通过镗杆或合适的镗孔和内部车削：镗孔和内部车削通过镗杆或合适的 内部切削刀具在内表面进行。如果初始工件是实心的内部切削刀具在内表面进行。如果初始工件是实心的 ，则必须首先进行钻孔作业。钻孔刀具安装在尾架上，则必须首先进行钻孔作业。钻孔刀具安装在尾架上 ，然后对着工件进给。，然后对着工件进给。 3. Lathe Operations w Taper turning. Taper turning

57、is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not parallel to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the taper. Following are the different methods used in taper-turning practice: w 锥面车削：锥面车削通过沿着与车床主轴不锥面车削：锥面车削通过沿着与车床主轴不 平行而倾斜成一个等于锥面所需角度的方向平行而倾

58、斜成一个等于锥面所需角度的方向 进刀来实现。下面是在实际锥面车削中采用进刀来实现。下面是在实际锥面车削中采用 的不同方法：的不同方法： 3. Lathe Operations w (1) Rotating the disc of the compound rest with an angle equal to half the apex angle of the cone. Feed is manually provided by cranking the handle of the compound rest. This method is recommended for taper tur

59、ning of external and internal surfaces when the taper angle is relatively large. w 将复式刀架盘旋转一个等于圆锥体顶角一半将复式刀架盘旋转一个等于圆锥体顶角一半 的角度。通过摇动复式刀架操纵柄手动提供的角度。通过摇动复式刀架操纵柄手动提供 进给。当锥角相对较大时切削外锥面和内锥进给。当锥角相对较大时切削外锥面和内锥 面推荐使用这种方法。面推荐使用这种方法。 3. Lathe Operations w (2) Employing special form tools for external, very short

60、, conical surfaces. The width of the workpiece must be slightly smaller than that of the tool, and the workpiece is usually held in a chuck or clamped on a face plate. In this case, only the cross feed is used during the machining process and the carriage is clamped to the machine bed. w 对很短的外锥面采用特殊