2 第二讲 中国共产党的起源 origins of the chinese revolution

1、The Origins of the CCP China From Revolution Through Socialism Lecture 2 Zhengxu Wang Associate Professor University of Nottingham Origins of Chinese Revolution The Fall of the Ancien Regime The Social Causes The Intellectual Origins The Nationalism The end of imperial China and the 1911 revolution

2、Three Phrases Decline (1840-) Opium War and the fall of the dynasty Crisis (1894-1901) The Sino-Japan War of 1894 The Allied Force Invasion Respite (1901-1911) Reform attempted Revolution (1911-1912) From Dynastic Crisis to Republican Revolution Crisis of sovereignty and national pride Perceived fai

3、lure of Qing/Manchu dynasty to stand up for Chinas interests against imperialist powers Anti-Manchu revolutionaries include Sun Yatsens Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance), founded 1905 in Japan Led successful military uprising in Wuhan, October 1911 Last emperor abdicated Feb 1912 after provinces

4、seceded from Qing rule The early Chinese republic under Yuan Shikai Suns progressive but vaguely defined programme of 3 Peoples Principles: nationalism, democracy, peoples livelihood Tongmenghui (now Guomindang (GMD), Nationalist Party), won 1912 elections But former Qing general Yuan Shikai became

5、President, not Sun Yuan abandoned attempts at democratic parliamentary government, ruling as dictator until his death in 1916; warlordism followed The New Culture Movement Away from discredited parliament, intellectual and cultural ferment continued among Chinese youth New Culture Movement Prepared

6、to jettison Chinese past, Confucian traditions, to save China 1915-1919: WW1 and the May 4 Movement New Culture develops into May Fourth Movement Japanese threat to China during WW1 took German concession in Shandong province; presented 21 Demands to Yuan Shikais government early 1915 Popular reacti

7、on: biggest ever anti-Japanese boycotts, elite nationalism becomes mass phenomenon 1917: China into WW1 to recover Shandong, by gaining seat at Versailles peace talks But Versailles gave Shandong to Japan, sparking Chinas May 4th movement (1919) Student demonstrations, spreading to rest of society M

8、ay 4th and mass politics in China May 4 boosted modern, politicised labour movement Cultural revolution, facilitating mass politics; GMD transformed into Chinas first mass party Created conditions for founding of Chinese Communist Party 1920- 21 (first congress July 1921) The Social Causes of Chines

9、e Revolution The Forming of a Civil Society Intellectuals Media/Press Social/cultural political Business-class The Rise of Bourgeoisie Chinas economy still 65% rural Business-class formed In the coastal cities Alienated from the mercy of the Qing government Supported the new political/social trends

10、Both provided the foundation/soil for the intellectual awakening of China The Social Causes of Chinese Revolution (Cont.) The gradual rise of the urban working class -large numbers in coastal cities -literate, skilled, concentrated -relative deprivation The Class Structure in Countryside Huge number

11、 of landless, underemployed peasants Harsh living conditions Land Rent, Land Tax, Usury “Misery of Peasant Life” Both provided the huge reservoir of revolutionary force The Intellectual Origins -The New Culture Movement Introducing western ideas/thoughts Criticism/rejecting Confucian/Chinese traditi

12、onal philosophies, ethics, institutions Renaissance Enlightenment French revolution Equality, freedom, rights Darwinism and modernization Mr. D and Mr. Sci! Lu Xun The “Eat Men” history of China Emancipation of human mind Hu Shi Rejecting Confucian old literary style -the baihua commoners language l

13、iterature A literacy revolution, literacy becomes accessible to the mass Yan Fu The Intellectual Origins Anarchism Liberalism Marxism Christianity Reformism Nationalism and Revolution Western powers penetration/control from 1840 on Opium War, 1840 Second Opium War, 1856 Sino-Japan War, 1894 Allied F

14、orce Invasion, 1900 Japans role 1905, Japan-Russia war fought on Chinas land 15 Jan 1915 21 Demands Versailles Conference gave Shandong to Japan, sparking Chinas May 4th movement (1919) 1931, Manchuria The founding of the Chinese Communist Party Gradual process from mid-1920 to mid-1921 Organization

15、al appeal of Bolshevik communism (Marxism-Leninism) after 1917 Russian revolution Brought class analysis to Chinese socialism Mao converted to Marxism spring 1920 Hunan group had many Beida students, women members Cell structure of Leninist party hard to infiltrate Soviet role in CCP founding Cominterns Gregory Voitinsky and Yang Mingzhai in China from spring 1920, attended 1st CCP Congress The first CCP congress First na