语法课diphthongs.

1、Diphthongs (双元音) nA diphthong is a glide from one simple vowel to another. It is pronounced as one syllable. In pronouncing a diphthong, the first part is much longer and stronger than the second part. English Diphthongs centring diphthong closing diphthongs ending in / ending in /I/ ending in /U/ /

2、I/ /e/ /U/ /eI/ /aI/ /OI/ /U/ /aU/ (/i/ /E/ /u/ /ei/ /ai/ /Oi/ /u/ /au/) Tongue positions of English diphthongs /I/ /e/ /U/ /eI/ /aI/ /U/ /aU/ /OI / / eI / narticulation: nthe glide begins from slightly below the close-mid front position /e/ (in get, men) and moves in the direction of /I/ nthere is

3、a slight closing movement of the lower jaw nthe lips are spread nspellings in words: na face, lady, waste, Cambridge nei eight, weigh, veil nea great, steak, break ney they, obey, survey nai rain, railway, waist nay day, pay, crayon n/ e / vs. / eI / nlet late, pepper paper, tread trade, men main n

4、following: fell fail, sell sail, well whale n/ / vs. / eI / nman main, ran rain, Sam same, stack steak / aI / narticulation: nthe glide begins at a point slightly behind the front open position (similar to /V/), and moves in the direction of the position associated with /I/ nthe closing movement of

5、the lower jaw is obvious nthe lips change from a neutral to a loosely spread position nspellings in words: ni time, climb, design ny cry, type, cycle nie die, lie, tried nye dye, goodbye (note: eye) nigh, eigh high, light, height, nei either, neither nai aisle nuy buy n/ aI / vs. / eI / nwhite wait,

6、 rice race, lied laid, mine main nfollowing: file fail, mile mail, while whale n/ / vs. / aI / nman mine, fan fine, lamb lime, lack like / OI / narticulation: nthe glide begins at a point between the open- mid and open back positions and moves in the direction of /I/ nthe tongue movement extends fro

7、m back to centralized front, but the range of closing in the glide is not as great as for /aI/ nthe jaw movement is considerable, but may not be as marked as in the case of /aI/ nthe lips change from open rounded to neutral nspellings in words: noi noise, point, hoist noy boy, voyage, employ, oyster

8、 n/ O: / vs. / OI / njaw joy, corn coin, roar Roy nfollowing: all oil, call coil, ball boil n/ Q / vs. / OI / nJohn join, con coin, pond point / U / narticulation: nthe glide begins at a central position /, between close-mid and open-mid, and moves in the direction of /U/ nthere is a slight closing

9、movement of the lower jaw nthe lips are neutral for the first element, but have a tendency to round on the second nspellings in words: no so, old, home, zero noa road, soap, approach nou soul, shoulder, though now know, blow, meadow noe toe, hoe, Joe n/ U / vs. / O: / nlow law, boat bought, bone bor

10、n n following: coal call, bowl ball n / U / vs. / Q / nwont want, alone along, code cod n/ U / vs. / 3: / ncoat curt, own earn, foam firm n following: goal girl, coal curl, hole hurl n /U/ vs. / u: / nboat boot, dome doom, road rude n following: coal cool, pole pool / aU / narticulation: nthe glide

11、begins at a point between the back and front open positions, slightly more fronted than the position for /A:/, and moves in the direction of /U/ nthe glide is much more extensive than that used for /U/ and is symmetrically opposed to the front glide of /aI/ nthe lips change from a neutrally open to

12、a weakly rounded position nspellings in words: nou house, sound, doubt now cow, allow, powder n/ aU / vs. / U / nnow know, loud load, town tone n following: coal call, bowl ball n/ aU / vs. / O: / nnow nor, loud lord, down dawn n following: owl all, foul fall / I / narticulation: nthe glide begins w

13、ith a tongue position approximately that used for /I/ (close-mid and centralized from front) nthe glide moves in the direction of the more open variety of / when /I/ is final in the word (e.g. in idea, beer) nthe glide may not be so extensive when /I/ is in non- final positions (e.g. in beard, fierc

14、e) nthe lips are neutral throughout, with a slight movement from spread to open nspellings in words: near dear, fear, year neer deer, career, steer ner(e) material, hero, here, sincere nia media, familiar, brilliant nie fierce, thirtieth, salient / I / nspellings in words: nea idea, area, nausea neu

15、, eo museum, theory nio, iou period, million, opinion, previous, obvious niu medium, stadium neir weird n/ i: / vs. / I / nshe sheer, feed feared, series serious n following: seal real n/ Il / vs. / I / nhill here, mill mere, bill beer, fill fear / e / narticulation: nthe glide begins in the open-mi

16、d front position (about halfway between /e/ and /, a little more open than /e/) nthe glide moves in the direction of the more open variety of /, esp. when /e/ is final nthe / tends to be of a mid type when /e/ occurs in word-medial position nthe lips are neutrally open throughout nspellings in words

17、: nair hair, chair, affair nar(e) scarce, rarity, care, aware near bear, wear, swear neir their, heir nere there naer aerobic, aerial nayor / ayer mayor, prayer n/ I / vs. / e / nhere there, tear (n.) tear (v.), beer bear, steer stare, really rarely, weary wary n/ e / vs. / e / n shed shared, ferry

18、fairy, merry Mary / U / narticulation: nthe glide moves from a tongue position similar to that used for /U/ towards the more open type of / which forms the end-point of all three centring diphthongs with nthe glide moves towards a closer variety of / when /U/ occurs in word-medial position nthe lips

19、 are weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide, becoming neutrally spread as the glide progresses nspellings in words: noor poor, moor, boor nour tour, gourd, bourgeois nure sure, pure, endure nur insurance, curious, during nue fluent, influence nua valuable, actually n following (after /j/): nus

20、ual, annual, gradual, mutual nalternation of / U /: / O /, / O: / nsure: / SU /, / SO /, / SO: / (=shore) npoor: / pU /, / pO /, / pO: / (=pour) * S u c h l o w i n g / U / t o / O / o r monophthongization of /U/ to /O:/ is rarer in the case of less commonly used monosyllabic words such as dour, gou

21、rd. The /U/ derived from /u:/ plus /, as in rescuer, is not subject to alternation with /O:/. Words with a preceding /j/, e.g. cure, curious, endure, are also not involved in such alternation. / U / Diphthongs (双元音) nRead for fun: Rain, rain, go away! Tom and Mary want go play. Rain, rain, go away!

22、Come again another day. * Joyce, Joyce, Shouting at the top of his voice, Making such a noise, Oh, noisy Joyce! * I asked my mother for five cents. To see the elephant jump the fence. He jumped so high; he touched the sky. And never came back till the fourth of July I know the film is on show. The n

23、ame is Roses on the Road. My fellows, will you go? Some say “Yes”, some say “No”. * Cow, cow, Friendly and brown, Let down your milk, For the mighty town. * Gill, Gill, my dear, wheres my beer? Oh, Im sorry Ive no idea. I remember putting it right here. Why should it disappear? nRead the following passage: nYour Sense of Taste Taste is one of our five senses. The others are hearing, sight