tpo1623pps版无老师力荐tpo17tpo17reading1

1、Toefl iBT Practice Test TPO 17 Reading Section 1 No. of Questions: 14 Time: 20 minutes Begin Test You can use the countdown timer at the left bottom corner of the screen to time your test. press this button to set the timer pause countdown Input a number start countdown CONTINUE 17 Set the timer bef

2、ore doing the test. Standard time for doing this test is 20 minutes. If you cannot see the timer or if you cannot set the timer, youll need to install flash player. Visit http:/ to download and install adobe flash player. Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of polit

3、ical developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a l

4、ong-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be

5、gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had de

6、veloped in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of

7、 the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and

8、 certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long,

9、 low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 1 of 14 The word

10、【impetus】 in the passage is closest in meaning to Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelft

11、h century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an 【impetus】 to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous travele

12、r from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way

13、 had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans.

14、New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-afte

15、r commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the Afr

16、ican continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when d

17、riven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 2 of 14 Paragraph 1 is marked with Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and easter

18、n Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a

19、 sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade

20、seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Balt

21、ic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the

22、immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be

23、 transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest gall

24、eys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 3 of 14 Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political

25、developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-h

26、eld desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gaine

27、d by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had develop

28、ed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the

29、investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and cert

30、ain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low

31、ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 4 of 14 Europes Early

32、Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom ha

33、d fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China t

34、o trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were th

35、e Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, n

36、ew techniques for financing so vast a scheme. 【The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East- West trade could create.】 Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste

37、 of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal s

38、eagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitab

39、le for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 5 of 14 The word 【dramatically】in the passage is closest in meaning to Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe

40、had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reporte

41、d, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no h

42、ope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser exten

43、t, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits t

44、hat such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only 【dramatically】 improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bu

45、lk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oa

46、rsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 6 of 14 Paragraph 2 is marked with Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of politic

47、al developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a lon

48、g-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be ga

49、ined by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had deve

50、loped in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of t

51、he investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and c

52、ertain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, l

53、ow ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water: hence they were unsuitable for the voyage to the East. Even if 17 Question 7 of 14 Paragraph 3

54、 is marked with Europes Early Sea Trade with Asia In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europes overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since the twelfth century. This development, comin

55、g as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice. Marco Polo, of the wi

56、llingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. The chief problem

57、was technological: How were the Europeans to reach the East? Europes maritime tradition had developed in the context of easily navigable seasthe Mediterranean, the Baltic, and. to a lesser extent, the North Sea between England and the Continentnot of vast oceans. New types of ships were needed, new

58、methods of finding ones way, new techniques for financing so vast a scheme. The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only drama

59、tically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India

60、and China. The principal seagoing ship used throughout the Middle Ages was the galley, a long, low ship fitted with sails but driven primarily by oars. The largest galleys had as many as 50 oarsmen Since they had relatively shallow hulls, they were unstable when driven by sail or when on rough water