语句成分与动词句型

1、中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 语句成分 Sentence Components 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 1.初步认识简单句的基本结构 主谓结构 (简单句的基本结构) 主语部分 主语部分和谓语部分 (动词是其核心。指主语做什么或是什么) 简单句的两大组成部分: (主语和其修饰语。指人、事物、行为或活动) 谓语部分 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 2.句子成分的两种分析方式 1.主要成分: 次要成分: 主语、谓语(动词)、宾语、表语、宾语补足语 定语(修饰名词或代词)、状语(修饰动词或形容词)、同位语 2.主要成分:主语部分谓语部分 主语部分:主语和其修饰语(核心为主语,不可缺失)

2、 谓语部分:谓语(动词是谓语的核心,不可缺失)、宾语、宾语补足语、表语 次要成分:定语(修饰名词或代词)、状语(修饰动词或形容词等)、同位语 简单句 的基本 结构 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 简单句的基本结构 主谓结构(简单句的基本结构)=主语部分+谓语部分 The man + wrote. The old man sitting there + is my uncle. The old man you met yesterday + seems/looks/is every kind. The news + astonished me. The strange news + great

3、ly astonished me. The strange news received last night + was a rumor. The strange news we received last night + proves false. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 3.简单句的基本语句成分 主要成分:主语、谓语(动词)、宾语、表语、宾语补足语 主语不及物动词(谓语动词谓语动词) John came. 主语及物动词(谓语动词谓语动词)宾语 John likes oranges. 主语双宾动词(谓语动词谓语动词)间接宾语直接宾语 John gave Mary books. 主语

4、系动词(谓语动词谓语动词)表语（主语补语） John is happy. 主语宾补动词(谓语动词谓语动词)宾语宾语补语 John makes Mary angry. 在上面的句子中,如把任何一个成分删除,都会成为病句。从上面例句也可看出, 完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分,至多4个基本成分。 简单句的五 个动词句型 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 次要成分:定语、状语 主要成分可以加修饰语:1)定语(用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词),或2)状语(用来修用来修 饰名词或代词以外的词语饰名词或代词以外的词语)。下面例句中, 修饰语为斜体字, 被修饰的 词为黑体字: 1)Poor John

5、 tottered toward a hospital nearby. John likes oranges imported from the U.S. John gave Mary many books, (which are) full of illustrations. 2)John often came to chat with me. John likes oranges very much. Whenever (he gets) drunk, John makes Mary very angry. 即使把修饰语去掉,句子结构仍是完整的;这种修饰语, 意思上可能 很重要,但在结构上

6、不影响句子的完整性,因此又称作附属成分。 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 People from many countries came to work and live in Macau. The boy running in front of Tom quickly rushed to the finishing line. Black students experienced a hard time in the south in the past. 主语部分主语部分谓语部分谓语部分 主语部分主语部分谓语部分谓语部分 主语部分主语部分 主主 语语 定 语 谓语谓语 动词动词 宾宾 语语

7、 定 语 状 语 谓语部分谓语部分 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 The yellow chrysanthemum(菊花)grown in the garden makes a fantastic scenery out of the window. 主语部分主语部分 主主 语语 定 语 谓语谓语 动词动词 宾宾 语语 定 语 状 语 谓语部分谓语部分 定 语 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 1.1.主语主语： 定义定义: :主语是句子主要陈述、说明或描绘的人或事 物,是句子中被描述或被叙述的主体。 能作主语的词语能作主语的词语: :名词、代词、数词、不定式、动 名词、名词化的形容词或从

8、句。 主语的表现内容主语的表现内容主语的表现形式主语的表现形式 人/事物 名词/代词/数词/名词化的形容词 事件/活动/行为/状态不定式/动名词/从句 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (1)名词、代词、数词、词组做主语 A bison is a large animal found on the American plains. Over the last 25 years, he has broken approximately 93 Guinness records. Three and four makes/make seven. How many people reached the

9、 top of the mountain？ Country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 One-third of the students in this class are girls. (2)动词不定式做主语 To improve agricultural land needs a lot of money. To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive. To swim in t

10、he river is a great pleasure. (3)动名词做主语 Being happy is better than being a king. Failing to plan is planning to fail. Smoking does harm to the health. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (4)名词化的过去分词或形容词做主语 Her beloved died in the war. The accused was sentenced to death. The rich should help the poor (5)从句做主语 What is d

11、one cannot be undone. How they will solve the problem remains to be seen. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 注注: :动词作主语仅有的两种形式动词作主语仅有的两种形式: : 动词不定式动词不定式和动名词动名词。 To buy a car like that seems/appears impossible. It seems/appears impossible to buy a car lik

12、e that. Driving without a driving license may cause an accident. It may cause an accident driving without a driving license. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. It is a great pleasure to swim in the river. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 找出下列语句中的主语找出下列语句中的主语, ,并指出主语的表现形式并指出主语的表现形式 Weather in our coastal city

13、 is nice and cool in summer. Mr. Smith lives on the first floor. Three is enough for each of us. To become a basketball player like Yao Ming is my dream. It is my dream to become a basketball player like Yao Ming. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 Taking a walk after supper is good for our health. The wounded should

14、 be sent to hospital at once. Whenever you are ready will be fine. That his mother didnt attend his birthday party made him upset. It made him upset that his mother didnt attend his birthday party. My father and I like swimming a lot. It is necessary to master a foreign language. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 Wh

15、ere he likes to live makes no difference to me. What he usually likes to have for lunch makes no difference to his health. To live in China is Mr. Smiths dream. To stop the work now seems impossible. Not having been invited to the party made Tony unhappy. Smoking may cause cancer. Harry Potter is th

16、e hero in this book. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 To live in China is Mr. Smiths dream. It is Mr. Smiths dream to live in China. To stop the work now seems impossible. It seems impossible to stop the work now. Crying over spilt milk is no use. It is no use crying over spilt milk. To get there by bike will take

17、us half an hour. It will take us half an hour to get there by bike. We often speak English in class. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 2.2.谓语谓语: : 定义定义: :谓语说明、叙述或描述主语的动作、行为、 状态或特征等,说明主语 做了什么、是什么做了什么、是什么或或怎怎 么样了么样了。 谓语核心词谓语核心词只能由动词充当;有人称、数、时态、语态 和语气的变化。 动词是谓语的核心。主语和谓语动词构成所谓主 谓关系, 即:主语+谓语动词=主谓关系。主谓关系。 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程

18、 动词分为动词分为: 实义动词实义动词-表示具体的动作行为 work,sing,write,begin,read,listen,taste(品尝),look(看),feel (抚摸), smell(闻),keep(保存)等。 连系动词连系动词连系表语共同构成谓语 be,seem(似乎,好像),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(吃起来), appear(似乎,好像,显得), feel(摸起来,感觉),remains(依然是, 依旧),stay(依然是,保持),keep(保持),look(看上去),go(变得), become(变得)等。 情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词-帮

19、助主要动词共同构成谓语 can/could,may/might,must,have/has,will/would,shall/should,do/ does/did等。 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 谓语的类型谓语的类型: : 1)简单谓语:由一个实义动词或动词短语单独单独构成 的谓语;不管用什么时态、语态和语气,都是简 单谓语。 We have been working on the project for over ten years. Dont disturb her. She is trying to write her thesis. The girl fell in love

20、with the young man at first sight. Ill call on you tomorrow morning. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 I saw your brother yesterday. Tom will see the doctor for his cold. We enjoy playing football. Please look after the twins. Who led/will lead you there? Lindas sister didnt watch TV yesterday evening. Lindas sister

21、 was watching TV when I saw her. We study for the people. He has been studying botany for many years. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 2)复合谓语: 连系动词与与表语构成的谓语 情态动词与与动词原形构成的谓语 动词不定式与与其它动词结构构成的谓语 You shouldnt have refused her invitation. The dish tasted horrible. Her face turned red with embarrassment. They are expecte

22、d to finish the work this week. Do you happen to know his email address? 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 How can I get to the Great Wall? What would you like for lunch? She might not agree to your plan. I can speak a little English. I am a teacher. You may keep the book for two weeks. I felt cold and weak. Davids

23、hobby is writing. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 3.3.宾语宾语: : 定义定义: :宾语是及物动词所涉及的目标对象;通常为 动作的对象、承受者、受益者或结果-动作行动作行 为的对象为的对象 。及物动词和其宾语构成所谓动宾关 系。即:及物动词+宾语=动宾关系动宾关系 能作宾语的词语能作宾语的词语: :名词、代词、数词、不定式、动 名词、名词化的形容词、复合结构或从句。 宾语的表现内容宾语的表现内容宾语的表现形式宾语的表现形式 人/事物名词/代词/数词/名词化的形容词 事件/活动/行为/状态不定式/动名词/从句 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (1)名词、代词、数词、名词

24、化的形容词作宾语 The botanists collected seeds from trees and bushes. Would you like something to eat? They fired one-third of their employees this year. We should respect the old and care for the young. We like English. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. The workers are building the bridge

25、. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (2)动词不定式作宾语 I expect to spend the holidays in France this year. Washita refused to accept any physical limitation. The ice ceased to melt in winter. (3)动名词作宾语 I love going on walks and looking at plants. They enjoyed sharing their wo

26、rk experiences. We enjoy playing basketball. He admitted having done wrong. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (4)从句作宾语 Do you think advertisements affect your life in any way? We seldom realize that many plants actually come from countries far away. Do you understand what I mean? I think(that)he is fit for his offic

27、e. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 找出宾语的技巧： (1)(1)首先找出谓语动词(及物动词)。 (2)(2)回答下列问题, 问题的答案就是宾语。 谁是动作的承受者或动作的对象？ 谁是动作的受益者？ 动作作用在谁的身上？ 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 找出下列语句中的宾语,并指出宾语的表现形式 He doesnt want to swim today. Rose loves swimming a lot. My mother bought a lot of apples yesterday. Tom didnt like me. We enjoy playing basketball.

28、 Our team beat all the others. The ice ceased to melt in winter. They chose to pay for my bike. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 I have decided to study engineering. May I wish to have another day off. I suggested putting off the meeting. You must give up smoking immediately. He admitted having done wrong. Their pa

29、rents dont agree to offer more money to them. They began to realize the importance of learning a foreign language well. She failed to come to school yesterday. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 注注:动词作宾语仅有的两种形式 动词不定式动词不定式和动名词。动名词。 What did they decide to do? They continued to read/reading English. Id prefer to stay h

30、ome to watch TV. She was starting to do her homework. We can finish building the bridge before the end of next month. Would you mind opening the window? 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 I enjoy listening to popular music. I enjoy sharing my work experience. After the teacher left the classroom, the students began t

31、o do/doing their homework. It began/started to rain. I hope to be back soon. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 宾语的类型宾语的类型: :单宾语、双宾语(直接宾语直接宾语+ +间接宾语间接宾语)、 复合宾语(宾语宾语+ +宾语补足语宾语补足语)、同源宾语。 (1)单宾语单宾语动词仅有一个宾语 Do you understand what I mean? I think(that)he is fit for his office. You will see the house on the left side of th

32、e street. Would you please turn it up? I can hardly hear the radio? Please stop making noise. We should learn from her. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (2)双宾语双宾语( (直接宾语直接宾语+ +间接宾语间接宾语)-动词接有一个指人指人(有时 也指物)的间接宾语和一个指物指物的直接宾语;间接宾语通 常在直接宾语之前。 直接宾语指的是及物动词的直接对象,即动作的直接承受 者。 间接宾语是及物动词所涉及的间接对象,即动作的方向 (对谁做)或动作的受益者(为谁做),通常为人,也

33、可以 是物。 Please tell me how the accident came about?(me间接宾语 how的从句为直接宾语) The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.(me 间接宾语a question直接宾语) 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 My cousin bought me some spears from Papua New Guinea. Susan handed Tom the string so he could tie up the box. He gave me some apple

34、s. She fed the baby some milk. 注注:间接宾语和直接宾语位置互换时,间接宾语前加to/for -to表示动作方向或目标; for表示动作的受益者 Please do me a favor. -Please do a favor for me. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 Mr. Li told us a funny story. -Mr. Li told a funny story to us. I bought Li Hua a dictionary last month. -I bought a dictionary for Li Hua last mo

35、nth. He gave me his report. -He gave his report to me. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (3)复合宾语复合宾语宾语和其补足语共同构成复合宾语。 宾语补足语宾语补足语补充说明宾语的动作、状态、品质或特征 等,即补充说明宾语做了什么、是什么做了什么、是什么或或怎么样了怎么样了。 宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上有主谓关系。 We must keep our school clean.(our school宾语clean宾补) They made him their monitor.(him宾语their monitor宾补) I saw him

36、standing there just now.(him宾语standing there 宾补) I found him a good boy.(him宾语a good boy宾补) 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 The teacher asked me to clean the classroom.(me宾语 to clean the classroom宾补) We saw a stranger waving to us.(a stranger宾语 waving to us宾补) Ill get the bike repaired at once. The headmaster aske

37、d me to come in. I found it astonishing that he should refuse to travel first class. (I found that he should refuse to travel first class astonishing.) 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (4)同源宾语同源宾语宾语由与动词词义相同(或相近)的 同源名词来担当 动词 同源名词 laughlaugh livelife blowblow 动词 同源名词 smile smile die death sing song 谓语动词 同源宾语 smile a

38、gentle smile die a glorious death sing a sweet song 谓语动词 同源宾语 laugh a good laugh live a happy life blow a heavy blow 等于 laugh well/happily live happily blow heavily 等于 smile gently die gloriously sing sweetly 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 The crisis blew a heavy blow upon the local economical development. The po

39、or Tom died a miserable death in a chilly winter. Cipher had never lived a happy life before she came to New York. Smiling a gentle smile, his mother walked to him. Look, she is laughing a sweet laugh in the photo. Listen, she is singing a sweet song in the next room. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 4.4.宾语补足语宾语补足语

40、: : 定义定义: :补充说明宾语的动作、状态、性质、特征或身份 等,即补充说明宾语做了什么、是什么做了什么、是什么或怎么样了怎么样了 。 能作宾语补足语的词语能作宾语补足语的词语: :名词、形容词、副词、不定 式、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语。 含宾语补足语的句子在变为被动语态时, 宾语补足语变 成了主语补足语。 宾语补足语的表现内容宾语补足语的表现内容宾语补足语的表现形式宾语补足语的表现形式 人/事物名词 动作/行为/活动/事件 /性质/特征/身份/状态 不定式/过去分词/现在分词 形容词/副词/介词短语 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (1)名词、形容词、副词作宾语补足语 The co

41、mmittee members recently appointed Tom their chairman. She said the noise made her nervous. Ill ask her out tomorrow evening. The students elected David their monitor. (2)介词短语作宾语补足语 Please remember me to your parents. His speech made the president in a very difficult position. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (3)不定

42、式作宾语补足语 They have asked me to tell you how much we all appreciate your donation. Can I help you to choose a suit? (4)现在分词作宾语补足语 I have seen many people sleeping in the street and begging for food. I can hear someone coming up from the staircase. I saw you crossing the street. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (5)过去分

43、词作宾语补足语 She is going to have the novel translated into Chinese. The hostess had the invitations delivered a week before the party. 找出下列语句中的宾语补足语找出下列语句中的宾语补足语, ,并指出宾语补足语并指出宾语补足语 的表现形式的表现形式 They elected him chairman of the company. He was elected chairman of the company. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 The doctor to

44、ld me to do more exercise. I was told to do more exercise. Ill have my car repaired. The mother didnt allow her daughter to go out alone at night. We should keep those things in the box. Those things should be kept in the box. I saw your sister dancing on the playground. Your sister was seen dancing

45、 on the playground. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 I saw you crossing the street. His father named him David. They painted their boat white. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We found everything in the lab in good order. Please call me Tom. Let the fresh air in. His blam

46、e made Mary cry. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 5.5.表语表语: : 定义定义: :表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态。 表语与连系动词一起构成复合谓语俗称系表结构。 在系表结构里，连系动词起连系作用，不表示具体动作， 只是形式上的谓语；而真正起谓语作用的是表语。 常用的连系动词:be(是)become(变成,成为)come(成为)get(变 得)go(变) turn(变成)grow(长成,变得)look(看起来)feel(感到,摸起 来)smell (闻起来)taste(尝起来)sound(听起来)seem(似乎)keep(保 持)stay(保持,坚持)appea

47、r(显得,似乎)continue(一直是)remain(保持, 依然是) stand(处于某种情况,保持)fall(陷于,变成)prove(证明是) 等等 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 能作表语的词语能作表语的词语: :名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、 分词、动名词、介词短语或从句。 注意辨别连系动词（起连系作用，不表示具体动作）与实义动词（表示 具体动作） I smelt(闻)the apple. The apple smells(闻起来)fragrant. I tasted(品尝)the apple. The apple tastes(吃起来, 尝起来)horrible. 表语

48、的表现内容表语的表现内容表语的表现形式表语的表现形式 人/事物名词/代词 事件/活动/行为/状态/属性等 不定式/动名词/分词/形容词/副词/介词 短语 实义动词 系动词 实义动词 系动词 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (1)名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词作表语 That remains a problem and I dont know to solve it. Who is that? Its me. I dont believe she is forty. The young man looks nervous. When will you be back? His clothes

49、got wet. Your idea sounds good. The dish tastes delicious. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 She is an ordinary teacher. Three times seven is twenty one. (2)介词短语作表语 The next morning, the kangaroo was out of his enclosure again. The meat is/was in the bottom of the fridge. The ruler must be in your pencil-box. Todays

50、 temperature stays/remains still below zero. (3)词组作表语 The box is twice the size of the books. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (4)动词不定式作表语 The keepers solution is/was to build an even higher barrier. The first lesson is/was to teach the child how to write his name. His job is to teach English. (5)动名词和现在分词作表语 His fi

51、rst job was washing the dishes. His hobby is playing football. The result was encouraging. The speech is/sounds exciting/boring. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (6)过去分词作表语 Is the meat rotten?/Has the meat gone rotten? The window was broken. The window remains closed. I felt confused, even bored. (7)从句作表语 This is w

52、hy they were late for the meeting. The question is how we can avoid making the same mistakes. The truth is that he has never been abroad. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 找出下列语句中的表语找出下列语句中的表语, ,并指出表语的表现形式并指出表语的表现形式 He seems surprised to hear the news. The film was very interesting. We were at table when you called.

53、 My job was to look after the baby. My job was looking after the baby. She is in/out. The purpose of the meeting is to elect a new captain. The result of the game was disappointing. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 Andrea is a Canadian. My wish is to become an artist. The small village is where the battle took plac

54、e。 Your assignment is to be handed in tomorrow. He is slightly drunk. Is it yours? Leaves have gone yellow. Time is up. The class is over. The weather has turned cold. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 动词作表语的语时仅有的四种形式动词作表语的语时仅有的四种形式: 动词不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词。 The keepers solution is/was to build an even higher barrier. T

55、he first lesson is/was to teach the child how to write his name. His job is to teach English. His first job was washing the dishes. His hobby is playing football. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 The speech is/sounds exciting/boring. The result was encouraging. Is the meat rotten? Has the meat gone rotten? The wind

56、ow was/remains broken. I felt confused, even bored. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 6.6.定语定语: : 定义定义: :定语用于修饰名词或代词, 说明其属性、特征、 品质等。 能作定语的词语能作定语的词语: :名词、名词所有格、代词、数词、形 容词、副词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、动 名词、介词短语或从句。 (1)名词、名词所有格作定语 We have music lessons every week. Whats your parents view about this? She is a chemistry teacher. W

57、hat is your fathers idea? 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 Where did you get the first-class tickets? Is there anything the matter with you? (2)代词、数词、形容词、副词作定语 A spider was making its web. Mother bought two kilos of pears. She is a diligent student. Please write your name in the place below. I have something import

58、ant to tell you. His father bought two bikes for them. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (3)动词不定式作定语 The hostess asked us whether we wanted something to drink. Once we were settled, Shackelton explained his plan to save us. (4)动名词、现在分词作定语 I have to say its a boring film. The pot bubbling on the oil stove is grey. We

59、 have to buy a sleeping bag for camping. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 (5)过去分词作定语 He is a son of a retired teacher. There is nothing left for us to do. (6)介词短语作定语 The necklace on the counter was gone. He lost his interest in literature. (7)从句作定语 Whats the hardest experience you have ever had? Here are some pictu

60、res that I took in Hainan Province. 中学英语语法教程中学英语语法教程 找出下列语句中的定语找出下列语句中的定语, ,并指出定语的表现形式并指出定语的表现形式 The bike in the room/over there is mine. Guilin is a beautiful city. There are thirty women teachers is our school. His progress in English made us surprised. China is a developing country but America is