现代英语词汇学概论3-word-formation教学课件

1、 2) denationalized denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + d nRoot: nation nStem: denationalize nBase: national nation nationalize national denationalize nationalize denationalized denationalize ndesirable: desire (root or base, not stem) nundesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) nundesir

2、ables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) ndesired: desire (root, stem or base) 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法 Questions: n1. What is compounding? n2. What are the relative criteria of a compound? n3. The classification of compounding? What is compounding? nCompounding / composition: a word- formation proc

3、ess consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. e.g. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent = machine + independent back The relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. E.g. flowerpot n Soli

4、d: flowerpot n Hyphenated: flower-pot n Open: flower pot n2. Phonological criterion: Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element. Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element. E.g. black lis

5、t blackboard blue bottle n3. Semantic criterion: Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. E.g. nflowerpot nworkday nbackyard Note: we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its compone

6、nt parts nred tape (官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程 序) ndog days （the hottest day of the year） nflatfoot (a policeman) nblue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth) nblue ribbon (an honor given to the winner of the first prize) Note: we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts back Th

7、e classification of compounding? Compounds are classified according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element. a. Parts of speech n1. n. compounds n2. adj. compounds n3. v. compounds b. Syntactic relation nsubject and verb 主谓关系 nverb and

8、adverbial 动宾关 系 nverb and adverbial 谓状关 系 nrestrictive relation 限制关 系 ncoordinating relationship 并列关系 nthunder-struck (houses) houses are struck by thunder / thunder struck the houses nwell-behaved (person) The person behave himself well. npeace loving people people love peace nan ocean-going (ship)

9、 A ship go across ocean. nApart from caring for her children, she has to take on such heavy _ house work as carrying water and firewood. A. time-consumed B. timely-consumed C. time-consuming D. timely-consuming 答案：C n风蚀岩石 weather-beaten rocks n日晒的健康肤色 suntanned (skin) n吹毛求疵的人 a fault-finding person

10、n破纪录的速度 a record-breaking speed n免税的 tax-free n无忧无虑的 care-free n防火的 fire-proof n隔音的 sound-proof n滴水不漏的 water-tight n密封的，不漏气的 air-tight n没膝深的 knee-deep n齐肩高的 shoulder-high n终身的 lifelong n晶莹剔透的 Crycle-clear n苦乐参半的 bittersweet n谈论的话题 talked-about topic n杜撰的故事 made-up story n24小时看守 round-the-clock watch

11、 n作现场勘查 make an on the sop inspection 3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 Questions: n1. What is derivation? n2. What is combining form? And what difference between a combining form and an affix? n3. The classification of derivation. back nDerivation / affixation: a process of forming new words by the addition of

12、a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word. e.g. recover = re + cover worker = work + er back A combining form构词成分: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives. e.g. autobiography hydromec

13、hanics television nautobiography auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + write autoalarm autocracy (auto + alarm) (auto + cracy) (self + to + weapon) (self + ruling ) nhydromechanics hydro- = hydr (Gk) = water hydro-airplane hydrography dehydrate hydrogen ntelevision tele- = tele (Gk) = far off tele

14、control telephone nCombining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. e.g. autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy = auto 构词成分 + cracy (suffix) hydrography = hydro 构词成分 + graphy (suffix) telephone = tele 构

15、词成分 + phone (suffix) nFrom the point of view of derivation, no distinction should be made between combining forms and affixes in this book, in which all the combining forms are labeled either as prefixes or suffixes. back 3.3.1 Prefixation Question: n1. What is prefixation? n2. The classification of

16、 prefixes n3. Some productive prefixes Prefixation: adding a prefix or combining form to the base. do not generally alter the word-class of the base Classification of prefixes: 1. negative prefixes （反意前缀）: un-, non-, in-(im-, il-, ir- ), dis-, a- n2. reversative / privative prefixes（相反动作前缀）: un-, de

17、-, dis-, n3. pejorative prefixes （贬义前缀）: mis-, mal-, pseudo- n4. prefixes of degree or size（等级与大小前缀）: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, altra-, mini- n5. prefixes of attitude（态度取向前缀）: co-, counter-, anti-, pro- n6. locative prefixes（方位前缀）: super-, sub-, inter-, trans- n7. prefixes of

18、 time and order（时间顺序前缀）: for-, pre-, post-, ex-, re- n8. number prefixes（常用数字前缀）: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri, multi-/poly- n9. miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice- back Some Greek Prefixes 1. ant- / anti- Anti-Japanese War 抗日战争 抗体 antibody nant- / anti-: against 非正统艺术 anti-a

19、rt 非传统英雄 anti-hero nant- / anti-: unlike tradition 2. aster-, astr-, astro- astronaut naster-, astr-, astro-: star 占星家 astrologer 小行星 asteroid 3. aut-, auto autobiography naut-, auto-: self 独裁者 autocrat 自治权 autonomy 4. bio- nbio-: life 生物学 biology 传记 biography 5. chron-, chrono nchron-, chrono: time

20、 编年史 chronicle 在时间上一致 synchronize 时代错误 anachronism 6. dem-, demo- n dem-, demo-: people 民主政治的 democratic 流行的 epidemic 7. derm-, dermato- nderm-, dermato: skin 真皮 dermis 表皮 epidermis 皮下的 hypodermic 8. geo- 地质学 geology ngeo-: earth 几何学 geometry 9. gen-, genea- ngen-, genea-: race 家系，谱系 genealogy 起源，发生

21、 genesis 庞杂的，异类的 heterogeneous heteromorphy 生异态性 heteronomy 他治，不自治 heterosexual 10. meter-, metr- nmeter-, metr-: measure 计时器 chronometer 体温计 thermometer 十进制 metrication 11. onym-, onomatro- nonym-, onomatro-: word 匿名的 anonymous 笔名，假名 pseudonym 同义词 synonym 受支配词 hyponym 12. ortho- n ortho-: correct o

22、rthography 正字法 正统的 orthodox 整形外科医生 orthopedist 13. pan-, panto- npan, panto-: complete 泛美洲 Pan-America 宽屏幕电视/电影 panavision 全景 panorama 万灵药 panacea 14. prot-, proto- nprot-, proto-: first 原型 prototype 原始形式 protomorph 15. therm-, thermo- n therm-, thermo-: heat 体温计 thermometer 热核 thermonuclear 热的，温泉的

23、thermal Some productive prefixes 1. a-, an- + 表述性v. na-, an-: 1） 处于某状态 2） 缺乏 alive 不讲道德 amoral 无政府 anarchy 2. co-, con-, col-, cor- + n. / v. nco-, con-, col-, cor-: 1) 结合，联合，共同 2) 相互的关系 合作 cooperate 同时发生 concur 符合，相称 correspond 同事 colleague 3. counter- + v. / 抽象n. ncounter-: 与相反，反 反击 counterattack

24、对应一方 counterpart 反主流文化分子 counterculturist 4. dis- + adj. / v. ndis-: 与相反，不 不诚实 dishonest 不遵守 disobey 5. eco- + adj. / n. neco-: 生态 生态危机 ecocrisis ecocide 生态灭绝 6. fore- + n. nfore-: 1) 前部 2) 先 前额 forehead 预言 forecast 首要的 foremost 7. in- + adj. / v. / n. nin-: 1) 不，与相反 2)向内 不完全 incomplete 不礼貌 impolite

25、 不合逻辑 illogical 雕刻 inscribe 移入 immigrate 8. inter- + v. / n./ adj. ninter-: 在之间 政府间的 intergovernmental 调停者 intermediary 州际的 interstate 9. mini- + n. P46 nmini-: 1) 小，微 2）短暂 超短裙 miniskirt 微型汽车 minibus 短暂危机 minicrisis 10. mis- + v. / 分词/ 抽象名词 nmis-: 错误，歧途 误解 misunderstanding 引入歧途 mislead 不幸 mislead 11

26、. out- + n. / v. nout-: 超过 活得比长 outlive 以智取胜 outwit 12. over- + v. /adj. / n. nover-: 1）过于，过分 2）上方 过分自信 overconfident 溢出 overflow 高估 overestimate 13. post- + n. / adj. npost-: 在之后 附言 postscript 博士后 post-doctor 14. pre- + n. / adj. npre: 在之前 预习 preview 史前 prehistory 15. sub- + adj. / n. nsub: 下、次 小标题

27、 subtitle 低于正常 subnormal 16. trans- + n. ntrans-: 跨越，穿过 运输 transport 移植 transplant 变形 transform 17. super- + adj. / n. nsuper: 1）超，极 2）顶级 3）在之上 超级明星 superstar 上层建筑 superstructure 18. under- + n. / v. / ved. nunder: 在之下；不足 下划线 underline 公共设施不足 under-serviced Number Prefixes 1. one none: mon(o)- (G) u

28、ni- (L) 独白 Monologue 一夫一妻制 Monogamy 不分性别的 Unisex 独一无二的 unique 2. two ntwo: di- (G) / bi- (L) 对话 dialogue 二氧化物 dioxide 双语 bilingual 双边 bilateral 3. double ndouble: amphi- (G) ambi- (L) 两栖 amphibian 模棱两可 amphibology 歧义 ambiguity 4. three nthree: tri- (L) 三角形 triangle 三轮车 tricycle 5. four nfour: quadri

29、- (L) 四边形 quadrangle 6. five nfive: pent(a)- (G) quint- (L) 五角大楼 pentagon 五重奏 quintet 7. six nsix: hexa- (G) / sex- (L) 六角形 hexagon 六重奏 sextet 7. Nine nnine: enne- (G) non- (L) 九边形 enneagon / nonagon 九重奏 nonet 8. ten nten: deca- (G) / deci- (L) 十年 Decade 十进制 Decimalism 9. half nhalf: hemi- (G) / sem

30、i-(L) 半球 Hemisphere 半圆 Hemicycle / semicircle 半殖民地 semicolonial 10. many nmany: poly- (G) / multi- (L) 多元的 polycentric 多民族的 multi-racial 11. hundred nhundred: hecto- (G) / cent- (L) 百米 hectometer 厘米 centimeter 蜈蚣 centipede back 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀 Questions: n1. What is suffixation? n2. The classi

31、fication of derivation. n3. Some productive suffixes. Productive suffixes on P50 1. able changeable, variable, knowledgeable nchangeable= be able to be changed vt. + ableadj. nVariable = able to vary vi. + able adj. nknowledgeable = know a lot n. + able adj. having the stated quality or condition n2

32、. er 他教书教得很好。 He teaches very well. He is a good teacher. n3. ride-in, swim-in v.-in: protesting against racial discrimination public demonstration sit-in, lie-in, work-in be-in, drop-in, sing-in, social gathering drive-in 4. y nrisky, dirty n.-y adj. full of, covered with, characterized by nSleepy

33、v.-y adj. having a trendy to, inclined to nharmful, wonderful, useful, meaningful, joyful nhandful, mouthful, spoonful 1. n. + -ful = adj. -ful = be full of a help suggestion = a suggestion is full of help a resentful look = a look is full of resent a eventful life = a life is full of events 2. n. +

34、 -ful = n. -ful = 所容的量 a handful of nuts npostal, sensational,tropical, philosophical n.+ -al = adj. -al = about nambitious, desirous, dangerous n. + -ous = adj. -ous = be full of 同根近义词 (P54) continuance, continuation, continuity nContinuance= continue + ance the state of continuing nContinuation= c

35、ontinue + action the act of continuing nContinuity = continue + ity the quality of being contionuous nsensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _ thing for you to do under the circumstances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _. Sensitive / sensible nSensitive= sense + tive be full of sense (n.

36、) e.g. a sensitive skin = the skin is full of sense 1) 敏感的 be sensitive to ridicule be sensitive about ones appearance 2) 灵敏的；神经过敏的；容易生气的 nSensible = sense + able = can be sensed (vt.) e.g. a sensible error 1) 感觉得到的，明显的 I am sensible of your kindness. 2) 知道的 3) 明智的 a sensible n3. ish /-like N. Adj.

37、e.g. childish / childlike -ish: derogatory 1. The talks had been _ but much remained to be done. A. fruitful B. effective C. advantageous D. valid nfruitful: producing good results 富有成效的，收效很多的 neffective: having a pleasing effect 有效的 E.g. take effective measures 答案：A 2. The coming of the railways in

38、 the 1830s _ our society and economic life. A. transformed B. transported C. transferred D. transmitted nHe hoped the firm would _ him to the Paris branch. A. exchange B. transmit C. transfer D. remove 答案：C nSome diseases are _ by certain water animals. A. transplanted B. transformed C. transported

39、D. transmitted 答案：D nAmerican football and baseball are becoming know to the British public through televised _ from the United States. A. transfer B. deliveries C. transportation D. transmissions 答案：D nRetirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_period;andtheearlier youstartplanningforit,thebetter. A.transit

40、ionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation 答案： nThere is much I enjoy about the changing seasons, but my favorite time is the _ from fall to winter. A. transmission B. transformation C. transition D. transfer 答案： nHe attends to the _ of important business himself. A. transaction B. transition C.

41、 transmission D. transformation 答案： nIt will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash; virtually all financial _ will be conducted by computer. A. transactions B. transmissions C. transitions D. transformations 答案： ntransform: to change completely in f

42、orm, appearance, or nature e.g. transform heat into power ntransport: to carry (goods, people, etc.) from one place to another. ntransfer: 1. to move from one place, job, position, to another; 2. to move from one vehicle to another in the course e.g. transfer production of the newspaper to its new p

43、lant transfer that foot ball player to another team transfer from the train to a bus ntransmit: 1. to send out (electric signals, messages,etc.) by radio; 2.to send or pass from one person, place, or thing to another e.g. This infection is transmitted by mosquitoes. The information is transmitted fr

44、om one computer to another through a telephone line. n1. variety / variation A.There are wide regional _ in house prices. B.The T-shirts are available in a wide _of colors. n2. incredible / incredulous A. The way she escaped is an absolutely _story. B.I could tell she knew he was lying by her _ smil

45、e. C. They all looked _ when the young woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. n3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers. nB.It is only an _story, so youd better not believe it. n4. sensible / sensitive A.I think it is a very _

46、 thing for you to do under the circumstances. B.No, I didnt mean that. You are too _. n5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very _ person. He doesnt know what he is talking about. n6. subtle / delicate A.There is a very _difference between “citizen rights” and “human rights”.

47、 B.This is a _situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very _, but she was very energetic and had a strong will. n7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt _. Why dont we go and get a new one? B.His effort was _ of great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of

48、 that size will be _? back nal / ation / -ment V. N. n-al: the action of 某行为 E.g. arrival, approval n-ation: the act, state, or result of 动作导致的 状态或机构 E.g. education, interpretation, organization n-ment: 动作的过程 E.g. arrangement, development, movement (选讲该页) nity / -ness Adj. N. n-ity: the quality or a

49、n example of being 品质 或实例 e.g. diversity, equality with great regularity = regularly Such stupidities = stupid actions or remarks n-ness: the condition, quality, or degree of being状态、品质、程度 e.g. carelessness, frankness, selfishness (选讲该页) 1. variety / variation nA.There are wide regional variations i

50、n house prices. B. The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors. n-ity: the quality or an example of being 品质 或实例 variety: a number or collection of different sorts of the same general type 种类 n-ation: the act, state, or result of 动作导致的 状态或机构 variation: (a degree of) the fact of varying 差

51、异，变动程度 back 2. incredible / incredulous cred(it): believe incredible = cant be believed incredulous = be full of unbelief = showing disbelief A. The way she escaped is an absolutely _ story. incredible B.I could tell she knew he was lying by her _ smile. incredulous C. They all looked _ when the you

52、ng woman said that she could get their factory to make a profit within five months. incredulous back 3. imaginary / imaginative A._ works can always attract a lot of readers. imaginative B. It is only an _ story, so youd better not believe it. imaginary ncustomary -ary: concerning; about back 4. sen

53、sible / sensitive A.I think it is a very sensible thing for you to do under the circumstances. B. No, I didnt mean that. You are too sensitive. P33 back 5. exciting / excited / excitable A. Never mind him. He is a very excitable person. He doesnt know what he is talking about. nExcitable: (of a pers

54、on or animal) easily excited nExcited: full of strong feelings of expectation and happiness; nit calm e.g. The excited children were opening their Christmas presents. back 6. subtle / delicate A. There is a very subtle difference between “citizen rights” and “human rights”. B. This is a delicate sit

55、uation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very delicate, but she was very energetic and had a strong will. back nSubtle: adj. a. not easy to notice, understand, or explain difficult to understand 难理解微妙的 e.g. subtle differences in meaning b. clever in arrangement, esp. so as to deceive

56、 people 精妙的 e.g. a subtle plan c. very clever in noticing and understanding e.g. a subtle mind back nDelicate: adj. a. needing careful handling, esp. because easily broken or damaged e.g. Be careful with those wine glasses theyre very delicate. b. needing careful treatment in order to avoid failure

57、or trouble e.g. a delicate situation The negotiations are at a very delicate stage. c. easily made ill e.g. a delicate child d. finely made in a way that shows great skill e.g a delicate piece of workmanship e. (of a taste, smell, etc.) pleasing but not strong and perhaps not easy to recognize. e.g.

58、 a delicate flavour / smell back 7. worth / worthy / worthwhile A.I can fix it. But it isnt worthwhile. Why dont we go and get a new one? B.His effort was worthy of great praise. C. How much do you think a pearl of that size will be worth? back nworth: prep. (esp. after be) having the stated value e

59、.g. Its worth much more than I paid for it. This piece of land is worth $44,500. How much is you car worth. nworthy: adj. 1. A (attributive) deserving respect or serious consideration e.g. She proved herself a worthy successor to the former champion. 2. + of / to-vdeserving e.g. a performance worthy

60、 to be remembered worthy of admiration nworthwhile: adj. deserving the effort needed the time or money spent, etc. e.g. We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets. back 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法 Questions: n1. What is “conversion”? What is the difference between conversion and s