《冷血》中社会环境对佩里·史密斯的影响[精选]

1、摘要杜鲁门卡波特是美国当代著名的杰出作家。他的冷血享誉欧美文坛，被认为是非虚构小说的扛鼎之作。在这本书中，作者杜鲁门卡波特着力刻画了主人公佩里史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格，行为造成的影响。本文基于弗洛伊德精神分析理论基础上研究了主人公佩里史密斯的不健全心理和社会环境对他的性格、行为造成的影响，着重探讨了佩里被压抑的本我以及不完善的超我，社会环境对他造成的影响包括家庭层面的影响以及家庭以外的影响。通过研究，不难看出佩里强大的本我由于不能满足而处于压抑状态之中；坎坷的成长经历使他的自我没有得以健康发展，而常常处于分裂状态的自我不能很好地遵从超我的命令控制本我，三者的发展不能保持在和谐稳定

2、的状态，社会环境的孤立性使得佩里这个人物充满了悲剧性，最终走向了悲剧的结局。关键词：冷血；佩里史密斯；精神分析理论；人格；社会环境1.1the status of truman capotetruman capote is a distinguished writer in the field of american contemporary literature he was born on september 30, 1924, named originally truman streckfus persons , in new orleans. capote experienced a

3、childhood spoiled by his parents divorce and therefore during his lifetime, he tried to gain attention and care from others. he was sent to live with relatives in monroeville, alabama, after his parents divorce. it was here that he would get acquainted with his lifelong friend, the woman writer, har

4、per lee. capote rose to international prominence in 1948 with the publication of his debut novel, other voices, other rooms. among all his celebrated works are breakfast at tiffanys, a tree of night, the grass harp, summer crossing, a christmas memory, and in cold blood. in cold blood was widely con

5、sidered as one of the greatest books of the twentieth century. capote is known as the representative of new journalism and the earliest founder as well. he is the academician of national institute of literature and art, and is awarded o. henry prize in 1946,1947,1951 respectively and the prize of na

6、tional institute of literature and art. he published 14 full-length novels with distinctive style and abundant connotation and couples of short stories, biography and literary theory, and the nonfiction establishes a distinctive status.in cold blood, breakfast at tiffanys etc. works created by capot

7、e not only occupy an indispensable part in the american literature ,but were adapted for the screen. capote is the movie based on in cold blood. the leading men ,philip seymour hoffman, won the oscar for best actor in 2005. in the same year, this film got the top of the list of national film critics

8、 association.before in cold bloods publication, capote had made several successful attempts to combine the two different writing styles between journalistic report and literary narrative. one was an impressionistic report, entitled the muses are heard, which told a tour of gershwin musical porgy and

9、 bess in soviet russia. another was a portrait of marlon brando in the first person. neither of the two was purely journalistic, yet both enhanced capotes enthusiasm for nonfiction, an enthusiasm leading him to the clutter case. with the publication of in cold blood, capote reached the peak of his w

10、riting career. capote became a conspicuous pioneer of nonfiction written with the techniques of fiction. the notion of nonfiction made a great stir at that time. then later, this general type of writing began to be called variously new journalism, literary nonfiction or creative nonfiction.in cold b

11、lood is truman capotes perfect reconstruction of a murder, in which akansas family is slain in the year of 1959. in this novel, the relations of humans development and environment is put onto table. in order to reap the expected reward of fame, capote makes comprehensive studies and investigations a

12、bout the killings and then analyzes this murder according to the materials.1.2the introduction of in cold blood and its influencein cold blood is about a murder that shocks the whole america. it is true that capote achieves success with his earlier fictional works including his debut work -other voi

13、ces, other rooms, and the novelette- breakfast at tiffany s and some short stories. however, there is no doubt that capotes fame as a writer would be gravely faded without in cold blood.in cold blood is a kind of documentary writing that astounds the whole america. it is divided into four parts: the

14、 last to see them alive, person unknown, answer and the corner. in the book, elaborate efforts are made to explore the essence of the case. the motivation of the two murders, perry and dick, is ambiguous. supposed they kill the clutters for money, at the beginning of their conspiracy, they are not s

15、ure whether the clutters living in kansas have a safe or not. even though mr. clutter does have a safe, they dont know that how much money is in the safe. later, they search the house just finding out less than 50 dollars. few killers commit crimes for a little money. if they do it for lust, the dec

16、easeds daughter isnt proved suffering humiliation. neither, they dont make acquaintance with the clutters, let alone for revenging. the two murders kill the four members of the clutters not for money, lust or revenging on the premise that without conspicuous motivation, which is really horrendous. f

17、inally, the two murderers are caught and hang .its just as dramatic as a creating process. in 1959, a real murder taking place in the mid kansa appealed capote s intensive interest. in a small village named colcom, two young men broke into the clutters (that they didnt know before)house and slew the

18、 four members. capote invited harper lee, his childhood friend, a famous woman writer, to spend six years to investigate persons on every level involved in the case and made about more than 6,000 pages notes. during this period, he often communicated secretly with perry, one of the murderers , who w

19、as sentenced to be hanged .their conversations enabled capote to have a deep understanding of perrys tragic living condition, especially their similar childhood, they were both abandoned by their parents , which aroused capotes gush of sympathy. at last, he witnessed perrys hanging, who became the m

20、ost personal and pitiful character. in cold blood was published after six-year obtaining information and careful crafting, and it became a bestseller. capote created a new documentary literaturenonfiction ,and his work was readable and with a feature of timeliness, and presented great literature val

21、ue that shocked the whole america .at the same time , this book was involved in the criminal psychology and the customs in the midwest of america.in cold blood is one of the masterpieces of truman capote, its appearance marks the birth of nonfiction. it has become a great commercial and literary suc

22、cess since it is published, which lays a firm position in republic of letters for capote. six months after its publication, 600 thousand its hardcover are sold out, “people ,variety of grades and tastes are reading in cold blood, everyone is absorbed in itit is the most perfect book on america crimi

23、nal events”(new york times)it is translated into 25 languages and is in great demand globally, and it causes a “artistic commotion” both in the literary arena of america and all over the world. new york times review says in cold blood is , the book won readers admiration for the skills of combinatio

24、n of journey and novel. capote initiate the literary kind of “real crime”, which is regarded as the milestone of mass culture.1.3 research status at home and abroadgreat and abundant research results of capote have been gained abroad. at present, in new york public library , there is a special list

25、of “truman capotes collection series” in humanities and social science, those are the important interview material that capote has collected for six years including pressed paper, artistic, letters, recordings, several notes.in summery, the research on in cold blood launches abroad earlier than home

26、 ,the amount is more, and the perspective is more novel and verified.the research on the author began in the end of 20th century, among the researchers, prof. zhang suzhen is the comparative key person. her research on the art of truman capotes novels published in 1997 is the only monograph on capot

27、e till now. it divides capotes literary creation stage into four parts, and makes a summery and comments on the thesis of representative work ,style of language ,writing techniques, which lays a firm foundation for latter research on capote and his works. in addition, she published in cold blood : t

28、he classics of new journalism respectively in 2002,2003.at present, a few people study the social environmental influence on the murderer perry from the psychoanalytic criticism. this paper points out that the household reasons and social environments play vital roles in ones characteristic, behavio

29、r and even self-development by analyzing perry smith in depth psychologically from freuds depth psychology.2. the introduction of theory and core conceptfreud s theory of depth psychology is the very earliest huge theory of human psychology, which deeply and theoretically contains completely plenty

30、of important theories. the paper contains psychological structure theory and personality structure theory, aiming for dissecting perry via the two theories. at the same time, perry is a member of america society. under the pressure of society and reality, perrys dissociated personality is an extreme

31、ly representative, with certain tragedy. thus, the paper states the basic concept and the environmental influence on him.2.1 freud psychoanalytic theorysigmund freud (1856-1939) is a psychiatrist and psychologist, he dedicates his life to psychology and literature .freud s theory of depth psychology

32、 is the very earliest huge theory, contains completely plenty of important anthropology theories which have great positive implications for the future academic research.2.1.1psychological structure theoryas far as freud is concerned, humans intellectual life can be divided into three respects: uncon

33、sciousness (also called sub consciousness), pre-consciousness and consciousness, and the three elements are in the deep structure, middle structure and surface structure respectively ,and they are interrelated and restricted with each other. consciousness is the psychological element that is capable

34、 to perceive and cognize, which receive and express information by sensory organ. it connects mans nature and external, including all the information, concepts and feelings that we apperceive. sub-consciousness is the part that people cant cognize or havent cognized yet , and also is the mental acti

35、vity process that has occurred and will not reach the state of consciousness. pre-consciousness is the marginal part between consciousness and unconsciousness, and it tends to transform into consciousness, although temporary. unconsciousness appears in the deepest psychological level, which is hard

36、to be perceived and cognized. it is often manifested as very often as blind impulses, animal instinct and the pressed desire. pre-consciousness and unconsciousness belong to sub-consciousness, in the condition of combat of consciousness. among those theories, freuds unconsciousness theory paves way

37、for the psychological research, and also lays a firm foundation for psychoanalytic theory.2.1.2 structure theory of personalityin 1923, freud publishes his thesis -the ego and the id. in the paper, he constructs completely structural theory of personality on the basis of consciousness theory and sex

38、ual instinct theory. he holds that human personality consists of id, ego and superego. in new introductory lectures on psycho-analysis published in 1933, proves that the genetic instinct and basic desire are not bounded by moral idea , social customs , logical reason and external factors. the geneti

39、c instinct and basic will satisfy its instinct desire following happy principle, and the only need is to satisfy oneself at any expense. in other words，the only function of id is to give full vent to excitation caused from inner or external as soon as possible, which is the most essential principle

40、of achieve ones life.id, ego and superego are not irrelevant solitarily with each other, but perform function and contradiction. id is proved to be the product of human s evolution, which represents psychological process in the human nature. ego , the production of human activities and objective exi

41、stence, is a psychological process superior to id. 1superego comes from social life, expressing socially moral ideality and cultural tradition. the three play vital roles in the whole life together, as they are the constituent parts of psychological structure .human characteristics tend to develop h

42、ealthily when the three are kept in balance. otherwise, they will be involved in the condition of contradiction, which causes human mental sickness in different degrees and leads to split personality when the three elements are not kept in balance develop severely. ego is the product of society, fre

43、ud holds that , with a logic and reason, ego is the only part that belongs to consciousness, and has the ability of organization, judgment and comprehensive. it obeys reality principle, which performs a function among ego and external, desire and satisfaction. ego can control and lead id according t

44、o the needs from external world , which enables people to maintain normal and legal life. it searches for the method to satisfy desire in the premise of obeying social code of ethics and law order,and ensures that the satisfaction of desire is in accordance with social norm. the function of ego is t

45、o adjust the opposite contradiction between reality with psychology and inner with external. “ superego is the mark of personality in moral, which chases for perfect and idealism instead of premordial enjoyment or reality with the symbol of taboo, moral, the norm and standard of ethic, and religious

46、 creed. superego includes ego and conscience. self ideality is the social norm and standard under the influence of parents and teachers while conscience is the feeling of guilty and crime after violating moral norm. superegos major function is to instruct ego to adjust ids impulse, and correct the b

47、ehavior of derverging and violating norm and standard of ethic via feelings of guilty and crime continuously, and make people become the members of legal citizens.3. analysis of perry smiths personality structurein 2cold blood tells a real murder . it is perry who slays cruelly the four members of t

48、he clutters . the author describes perry smith at length. this part will analyze perry smiths personality according to freuds theories of psychological structure and personality structure, to state how perry develops personality split and dissect criminal mentality and motivation.3.1 perrys depressi

49、ve id id, the summation of human various instincts, is in the deepest unconsciousness field. it includes naturally sexual driving force and depressive unconscious inclination, which reflects ones inner world before real self is exposed. it adheres to the principle of enjoyment, aiming to push people

50、 to chase for pleasure and satisfaction while escape from pain. compared with material satisfaction, what perry regards as most important is the desire for emotion. the former one is easy to be met, but the latter is hard to be filled with. the emotional desire is strong, but it is under the pressur

51、e of perrys id and external world and is hidden in the depth of perrys heart.3.1.1. the desire for care from the familychildren are born with the wish to be loved by warm family. perry is not an exception. nevertheless, his mother abandons herself , which drives perry into despair and averseness. ex

52、cept he inherits mothers appearance completely, ”his mother had been a full-blooded cherokee; it was from her that he had inherited his coloring the iodine skin, the dark ,moist eyes, the black hair, “(capote 14) perry is almost reluctant to think of his mother, except he looks into mirror and sees

53、the very similar face to his mother. hence, he wishes to transfer the desire for affection to his father. although they get along well with each other, they always quarrels endless so fiercely that his father threatens to turn him out.perry has always been attached to and entertained great expectati

54、on of his father. at the age of sixteen, he leaves his father to work as a sailor for the first time after they have a flaming row with each other. when perry prepares for the duty in north korean, perry and his father become reconciled . at his father calling, he rushes to build trappers den dodge

55、together with his father. after joining up with each other, they make concerted efforts to build the cabin. beyond their expectation, they dont make a good fortune , then they begin to reproach and engage in brawls again. the hardship of the economy even makes the two men quarrel over a biscuit, and

56、 the result is still that the father drives him out. but when he is sentenced to death, his father and the only sister even doesnt go to visit him, and when perry gets to know that his father is coming to the prison,he drops the idea that he plans to go on a hunger strike, but the father does not ap

57、pear in the end. dick, an acquaintance of perry, mentions that perry always cry in his dream, dad, i been looking everywhere, dad, where you been, dad?(capote 104) the cry for father in the dream embodied an original desire , an affection for father . there is always no response for the chasing fami

58、ly affection in perrys life. even the indifference from his family members hurts his feeling badly . the strong and negative emotion, buried in his heart , turns to an anger with people around.3.1.2 the desire for understanding from friendsalthough perry often stays alone and finds it difficult to o

59、pen his own heart , he is eager to be understood and accompanied. he wants to share his inner world with people, but he worries about that he may be misunderstood even betrayed. for perry, he is very sensitive, always suspects others that others would discriminate and treat him unfairly. in addition, he thinks that others wont understand him. so he has few closed friends. once a person is regarded as his friend, he will