最新《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语

1、精品文档精品文档新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论一语法层次）1. Morpheme词素Free morpheme自 由词素Bound morpheme 粘附词素j Allomorph词素变体2. Parts of speech (word class)Simple words 简单词Derivatives派生词Compounds复合词*(1) Classification in terms of word formationOpen-class words (content words)开放词类(实义词)NounVe

2、rb Adjective AdverbClosed-class words (function words封闭词类(功能词)Preposition Pronoun Determiner Conjunction AuxiliaryIntermediate class(中间词类)NumeralsInterjection3. Phrases词组4. Clause分句5. Sentence句子* (2) Classification in terms of grammatical functionNoun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrasePr

3、eposition phraseConjunction(1) Independent clause & Subordinate clause独立分句和从属分句(2) Simple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence)简单分句和复杂分句(*复杂句)(3) Main clause & Subordinate clause主句和从句(4) Finite clause, non-finite clause and Verbless clause限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句(1) Full sentence &Minor sentence 完全句和不

4、完全句(2) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句(3) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentence精品文档Lecture 1 Sentence Structure ( L1 )C (complement) A (Adverbial) 补足语状语Sentence elements:S (subject)V (

5、predicate verb)O (object)主语谓语动词宾语1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceClauseNPVPNPI SubjectPredicate verbObjectAll the manhave donetheir best.Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。2) Subject + Predicate (= ope

6、rator + predication)SentenceClauseSubjectPredicatePredicationdone their best.operato。和述谓成分(predication)。OperatorIIAll the manhave句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(2. Basic clause typesSVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoOLecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3 )Notional Concord意义一致原则Guiding principles:Grammatical

7、Concord语法一致原则Principle of Proximity就近原则Nominal clause名词性分句Existential clause 存在句Non-finite clauseRelative clauseCleft sentence非限定分句关系分句分裂句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (L4-5 )1. Classification of nouns精品文档精品文档精品文档rFroper NNouns一器黑iC。间血，NL Com onMaterial NGhcount犯le N Abstract NzPartitive （Unit Noun

8、）单位词2. Cases of NounsNominative case / Subjective cas e（主格）Genitive case （属格 ）/ Possessive case所有格）Accusative case / Objective case（宾格）Dative case （受事格/与格）Genitive caseIndependent GenitiveDouble GenitiveGenitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase.Specific reference 特指） Generic referen

9、ce （类指） Indefinite genitive phrase （非确定特指）Lecture 4 Determiner （ L6-7 ）1. DefinitionDeterminers are function words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun.ScopeReferenceQuantity （数量）ra- Specific reference （特指）1b. Generic reference （类指）rc- Definite quantity （确定数量）Id. Indefinite qua

10、ntity （非确定数量）2. ClassificationArticles .,1冠诩Definite Indefinite zeroCenti,al-determinersGenitives r Genitive noun （possessivesr（属格） |Genitive PronDemo ns tratives （指示词）J Relatives （关系限定词）Determiner Wh嗔 Interr口gativE乂疑问限定id） JAIultipHer （倍数）PredeterminerNumerals J Fraction【分数）,（数词）Cardinal （基数），lordi

11、nal （序数）Quantifiers （量词）Postdaterminers尸 sereralt many, much, more, most, （a） few/little, Indefinite Det J other, anotherI （不定限定词）allt both. half,. suchno, some. anyr eachT every enough, either, neither3. ArticlesTvpe 号口Article is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of reference o

12、f nouns （主要用来限 定名词的指称范围）.Functions口Generic reference 便指）Specific reference（特指）Uncertaina- Anaphoric （后照应）Definite specific referenced b. Cataphoric （前照应）Specific reference（确定特指）1c. Situational （语境）d. Indefinite specific reference（L8-9 ）（非确定特指）Lecture 5 Pronoun1. Classification/iPersonal Pron （人称代词）：

13、I/me, we/usj you he/him； she/her, it, they/themPossessive Pron （物主代词）: mine, ours, yours, hisT hers, theirsReflexive Pron （反身代词丫 myself. ourselves? yourself yourselves, himself, herself, itself? Themselves/ Reciprocal Pron （相互代词）：each other, one another Pron 后照应（Cataphoric reference）语境照应（Situational

14、 reference） 人称照应（Personal reference） 指示照应（Demonstrative reference）Lecture 6 Verb and Verb Phrase (L10-22)1. Classification of verbsNotional verb Primary, modal & semi- auxiliaries / /1) Main verbs & auxiliaries (function & formation)2) Transitive verb, intransitive verbs & linking verbsverbs(whether

15、 followed by compliments) /V. + object / compliment / adverbial3) Dynamic verb & stative verbs (lexical meaning)4) Single - word verb & phrasal verbs (word -formation& grammatical form)5) Finite verbs and non-finite verbs (form)to-infinitive, -ing participle & *ed participle (L19-22)动词分类的标准有很多种，如上图所

16、示，记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式，不带to不定式(bare infinitive ) 等等，还有副词小品词(adverb particle)。Transitive Verbs followed by objects.Intransitive verbs： do not require an object.? SVO主一动一宾? SVoO主一动一宾一宾? SVOC主一动一宾一补? SV主一动? SVC主一动一补Linking verbs： followed by subject complime

17、nts.(Transitive verb)(Ditransitive verb)【双宾语动词】(Monotransitive verb)【单宾语动词】(Intransitive verb)(Linking verb)This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence.2. Tense and aspectsTenseAspect

18、xSimple presentSimple pastSimple futurePast futureprogressive现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体Perfective progressive现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体4. Mood陈述式(Indicative mood)、祈使式(Imperative mood)、虚拟式(Subjunctive mood)5. Non-finite verbspp. 230-1动态形容词(Dynamic Adjective)、静态形容词(Stat

19、ive Adjective)p.251 前置修饰语(Premodifier)、p.256 悬垂分词(Dangling Participle) /无依着分词(Unattached participle)、依着法则(Attachment rule)Lecture 7 Adjective and Adverb ( L23-24 )1.1 Adjective & Adjective PhraseAdjP(prembr biiodifierTmd tterhe.AimSHiadeet(complenier post-moditation补足成分or ifier后置修饰语）terriblysorrytha

20、t 1 couldn,l helptooyoungto go ta schoolveryproudof her sonnotmatureenoughLOO%surethat the game was lostasgood worth worth glad busyas usualthe effortpraisingto work on this project answering questions1.2 Adjective formf- Free morpheme Adj O.g, hot, cold)二(Jne-word Adj dental nonAmerican non-childle

21、ss动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词2.1 Adverb & Adverb Phrase （Adv P）AdvP（pre-moSifier）head（postnodifier orcomplementation 补足成分）quiteA|dvclearlyclearly enoughindependently of his parents2.2 Adv form2.3 Adv Meaningwell. too. ratherhard quite, late, soon, here, fast, early, long, down, roLiiidg today, to morro

22、w, etc.clearly, usuallyi unconsciously;veekly, fatherly, timely;pairu ise? pieeei* ise, clocku ise;ho mew ards, afterwards, seavards: etc.anyua” anywhere* nowhere, heretofore. however, henceforth, nevertheless, therefore, thereof, thereupon, thereafter, thereby, etc.of course kind of, at last* nn ea

23、rthy after alh in fact, very much etc*CL pp 421-3Adjunctive Adv（修饰性副词）p. 272Adv of timeAdv of placeY Adv of mannerAdv of degreej Adv of frequencyD对unctiveAdv（评注性副词）：说话人的认知、情感说话方式kConjunctive Adv （连接性副词）p.274修饰性状语（Adjunct）评注性状语（Disjunct）、连接性状语（Conjunct）Lecture 8 Degree & Comparative Construction （ L2

24、5 ） （比较等级和比较结构）1. Degree formsRegular degree forms of Adj & AdvPositive/absolute原级Monosyllabic(单音节)Adj & AdvPolysyllabic(多音节)Adj & AdvDisyllabic(双音节)Adj & AdvSynthetic (inflectional)综合(屈折)形式Analytic (phrasal)分析(词组)形式Synthetic or AnalyticComparative比较级Adj-/Adv-ermore Adj/AdvAdj-/Adv-ermore Adj/AdvSup

25、erlative最局级Adj/Adv-estmost Adj/AdvAdj/Adv-est most Adj/AdvNotes(1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more & most (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good(3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little2. Comparative constructionThe nonstandard Austrian German speakers were rated as aggr

26、essive J.今more aggressive. .more aggressive than the standard speakers!.AdjPmodifierheadAdvPheadmoredegree complementationaggressive than the standard speakers张道真等人：as/than引导的成分是比较状语(X) How aggressive?Mere aggressive than the standanl speakers.(修饰语)3. General structure of Comparative constructionI J

27、degree complementationcomparative phrase/clauseComparatire construction mojlifier head AdvP head aInI. than did Model 1. (Det)as/so; -er; more/less Adj/Adv/N as/than- phrase/clanse Notes (1) More (less, fewer) can be Det or Pron: Model 2 accounted for more varianceIt appeared in more than 50% of the

28、 request e-mails. (Pron)(2) As & than are Conj or rarely Prep:John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her.E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato.ClauseSubjectVPComplementAtljlP (comparative construction)NPAppleismodifierAdvPasheadAdjtastvdegree complementationcomparativehraseCynjasNPtomato(L27

29、)(L28-29 )Lecture 9 Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation（陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 ）(1) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句Sentence types (According grammatical structure)句子(2) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence

30、,Exclamatory sentence陈述句、疑问句、祈使旬、感叹旬 (According to communicative function)1. StatementsDeclarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag questions附力口疑问句),Rhetorical questions 畛

31、辞疑问句)3. Commands and Exclamations4. Tag questions(pp.316-9) Transferred negation 否定转移)Lecture 10 Existential Sentence & It-Patterns（存在句和It-句型）1. Existential sentence存在句、实义主语(Notional Subject)、真主语(Real subject)地点状语(Locative adverbial )、时间状语(Temporal adverbial)* p.326,提及的非确特指， 冠词、数词等限定词，见限定词(Determine

32、r)一讲。前置修饰语(、premodifier )、 后置修饰语(postmodifier)、操作词(Operator)* p.328,存在句的非限定形式( Non-finite existential clauses ): there to be / there being (there having been)的 用法区别。2. It-Patterns精品文档* pp. 331-5 虚义 it (Empty it)、先行 it (Anticipatory it )、分裂句(Cleft sentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleft sentence)Lecture 11 Coordi

33、nation 并列结构(L30 )并列结构( Coordinate construction )、并列连词( Coordinator)Lecture 12 Subordination从属结构(L31-34 )精品文档1. 从属连词(Subordinator):简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词(simple subordinator, complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator )2. 从属结构(Subordinate construction )：限定从属分句(Finite s

34、ubordinate clause)、非限定从属分句 (Non-finite subordinate clause)、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句3. Finite subordinate clauseFinite subordinate clause厂Relative clause关系分句L31 , L33Restrictive Clause限制性关系分句 Non-restrictive Clause非限制性关系分句 Double Relative Clause 双重美系分句 Embedded Relative Clause 欺入式关系分句Adverbial clause状语分句Adve

35、rbial clause ofTime时间Adverbial clause ofPlace地点Adverbial clause ofManner方式Adverbial clause ofCause原因Adverbial clause ofResult结果Adverbial clause ofPurpose 目的Subjective clause 主语从句Nominal clause 名词性分句L31Objective clause 宾语从句Subject complement主语补语(表语从句)Appositive clause 同位语从句IPrepositional complementat

36、ion 介词补足成分Conditional clause条件分句L34Non-finite clause& Verbless clauseL32Type I: whenever-type real conditionalType II: the commonest type of real conditionalType III: probable unreal conditionalType IV: hypothetical unreal conditional contrary to the past fact表语从句：Predicative clause4. Non-finite cla

37、use& Verbless clause (L32)1) Infinitive clause 不定式分句2) +ng participle clause -ing 分词分句3) ed participle clause -ed 分词分句4) Verbless clause 无动词分句5) Absolute construction 独立结构Lecture 13 Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35)直接弓I语(Direct speech)、间接弓I语(Indirect / reported speech)Lecture 14 Modification 修饰(

38、L36)1 .前置修饰语 (premodidier)、后置修饰语 (postmodfier)、限定词(determiner)、限制性修饰语 (Restrictive modifier)非限制性修饰语( Non-restrictive modifier )、分隔修饰(discontinuous modification )2 .作为名词词组的同位语，也是一种后置修饰语。同位语(appositive)、限制性同位语( Restrictive appositive )、非限制性同位语( Non-restrictive appositive )3 .广义上说，状语(Adverbial )也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语( Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct) 和连接性状语(Conjunct)。状语作为一种句子成分，主要指第一种，修饰性状语( Adjunct)。修饰性状语按其内容，可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture 15 Substitution 替代(L37)替代有三种现象：名词性替代 (nominal substitution ),动词性替代(verbal substitution )和分句性替代 (clausalsubstitution),也有三种替