情态动词 (1)

1、情态动词情态动词 I 情态动词的定义 情态动词是一种本身有一定的 词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词， 但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓 语。 情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有： can (could)/be able to, may (might), must/have to, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) /used to,had better. II 情态动词的位置 情态动词 Modal Verbs 情态动词的语法特征情态动词的语法特征 1）情态动词情态动词不能单独做谓语，除不能单

2、独做谓语，除ought外，后面只外，后面只 能接不带能接不带to的不定式。的不定式。 2）情态动词没有人称，数的变化，但有些情态情态动词没有人称，数的变化，但有些情态 动词，如动词，如can、will也有一般式和过去式的变化。也有一般式和过去式的变化。 3）情态动词的情态动词的“时态时态”形式并不是时间区别的主要形式并不是时间区别的主要 标志，不少情况下，情态动词的现在式形式和过去标志，不少情况下，情态动词的现在式形式和过去 式形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时式形式都可用来表示现在时间、过去时间和将来时 间。间。 Grammar Modal verbs 只作情态动词的只作情态动词的:

3、 can/could, may/might, ought to, must 可情态可实义的可情态可实义的: need, dare/dared 可情态可助动词的可情态可助动词的: shall/should, will/would 相当于情态动词的相当于情态动词的: have to, used to can和could 用用 法法 例例 句句 1“I dont think Mike can type.” “Yes, he can.” 2I can speak fluent English now , but I couldnt last year. 1.It cant be easy caring

4、 for a man and a child who are not your own. 2. Can the man over there be our head master? 1.Can we turn the air conditioner on? 2.In soccer, you cant touch the ball with your hands. 3.Could you have her call me back when she gets home, please? 4.I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this. 1As a

5、human being, anyone can make a mistake. 2Im confident that a solution can be found. 3He can be very forgetful sometimes. 1.Can this be an excuse for not giving them help? 2.This cant be true. 3.How can you be so crazy. 表示能力 表示请求和允许。表示请求，口 语中常用could代替can，使语气 更委婉。 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等 态度，主要用在否定句、疑 问句和感叹句中。 在肯

6、定句中，表示客观可能 性，常用来说明人或事物的 特征（译为“有时会”）。要 表达具体某事实际发生的可能 性时，不用can，需用could， may，might。 表示对现在的动作或状态进行主 观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑 问句中。 1) can 1) can的主要用法是： A.A. _ _： eg. The girl eg. The girl cancan dance very well. dance very well. B. B. _ _： eg. eg. CanCan the news be true? the news be true? can 和could： 表示能力 表示推测可能性

7、 （多用于疑问否定句中） 注意：注意：can /could 表示推测时表示推测时, 只能用在只能用在否定句否定句 或疑问句中或疑问句中。 Its so late. Can Tom be reading? 这么晚了这么晚了, 汤姆还在看书吗？汤姆还在看书吗？ It cant be Mary. She has fallen ill. 这个人不可能是玛丽这个人不可能是玛丽, 她生病了。她生病了。 She couldnt be telling lies. 她不可能在说谎。她不可能在说谎。 Can/Could I use your dictionary? Could you lend me a hand

8、? 表请求或允许 .表示表示“许可许可”，可与，可与may换用。换用。 Youcangohomenow. 5.can用于疑问句或否定句中时，表惊异、用于疑问句或否定句中时，表惊异、 不相信等，意思是不相信等，意思是“可能、能够可能、能够”。 Howcanyousaythatyoureally understandthewholestoryif youhavecoveredonlypartof thearticle? could could的主要用法是： A. _A. _ _: _: eg. We all knew that the young man eg. We all knew that

9、the young man couldn couldnt t be a doctor. be a doctor. 我三岁就能看书了。 Father said I could go out with my friends.Father said I could go out with my friends. could 是can的过去式, 表示过去 的能力,许可和推测 B. could可代替can表示请求, 语气委婉 eg. Could you lend me your bike? Could I use your bike?-Yes， you can cant/couldnt+have+don

10、e表示对过去表示对过去 情况的否定推测情况的否定推测 Susancanthavewrittenareport likethis. could+have+done表示对过去能做而表示对过去能做而 未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾;常译为本可以常译为本可以 Itsapity.Yourclasscouldhavegotthefirstprize. can never/canttoo表示表示“无论怎无论怎 样样也不过分也不过分”，“越越越好越好” 。 You cant be too careful while crossing the road. 你们过马路你们过马路 的时候再小的时候

11、再小 心也不为心也不为 过。过。! 特别说明：can和be able to辨析 can(could)和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上 没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。如： Ive always wanted to be able to speak fluent English. Those bags look really heavy, are you sure youll be able to carry them on your own? 但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力， 终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用 was/

12、were able to来表示。这时，was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。如： After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again. The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the building. can/be able to区别区别: 1.A big fire broke out in ABC hotel yesterday. Luckily, e

13、veryone _ run out of the building. was able to 2. She _ speak both English and French. can 1.Michael_beapoliceman,forhes muchtooshort. A.needntB.cant C.shouldD.may 2.Mr.Bushisontimeforeverything.How _itbethathewaslatefortheopening ceremony? A.canB.should C.mayD.must B A 3.-IstayedatahotelwhileinNewY

14、ork. -Oh,didyou?You_withBarbara. A.couldhavestayedB.couldstay C.wouldstayD.musthavestayed 4.MysistermethimattheGrandTheateryesterday afternoon,sohe_yourlecture. A.couldnthaveattended B.neednthaveattended C.mustnthaveattended D.shouldnthaveattended A A 二may和 might 用法用法 例句例句 may /mig ht 1.May I come i

15、n and wait? 2.May I smoke here? No, you mustnt(或或No, youd better not.) 1.Might I borrow your pen 2.I wonder if I might speak to your son. 1.It may rain this afternoon. 2.She might come to join us this afternoon. 3.I suppose he might have missed the train. 1.May you succeed. 2.May she rest in peace.愿

16、她安息。愿她安息。 1.There is nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed. 2.I suppose we might as well go home. 表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt, 表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。 在表示请求、允许时，might比may语气更委 婉些。用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正 式，在日常用语中，用Can I征询对方意见更 为常见。 表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和 否定句中，含有“或许”“大概

17、”“可 能”之意；用might代替may时，则语气 显得更加不肯定。 may用于祈使句表 示祝愿 “may as well或might(just)as well+动词原 形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”， 相当于“had better. 2.may与与might 1.表示表示“许可许可”或或“请求请求”，有，有“可以可以”的意思，口语中的意思，口语中 常用常用might代代may,表示委婉语气。表示委婉语气。 否定回答时用否定回答时用“mustnot/cannot”表表“禁止，阻止禁止，阻止”， 不用不用“maynot”.“maynot”表示表示“可能不可能不”。 Eg:1)-MayIwatc

18、hTVaftersupper? -Yes,youmay./No,youmustnt. 2)TodayisSunday.Shemaynotbein herofficenow. 2.表示可能性。表示可能性。意为意为“或许，可能或许，可能”might比比 may可能性小。可能性小。 Eg:1)Itmightbetrue. 2)Theymaybeinthelibrarynow. Mayyousucceed! 祝你成功！祝你成功！ 表示祝愿;语气较正式: You_ eat too much before running. How delicious! may/mightaswellnot 你最好不你最好

19、不 要吃太多！要吃太多！ may, might, can, could 1. They (can/might) _be away for the weekend but Im not sure. 2. You (may/might) _leave now if you wish. 3. (could/may) _you open the window a bit, please? 4. He (can/could) _be from America, judging by his accent. 5. (may/can) _you swim? 6. Listen, please. You (m

20、ay not/might not) _ speak during this exam. might 表示猜测 may 表示许可 could 表示请求 could 表示猜测 can 表示能力 may not 表示不允许 may, might, can, could 7. They (can not/may not) _ still be out, the light is on in the house. 8. You (couldnt/might not) _ smoke on the bus. 9. With luck, tomorrow (can/could) _be a cooler d

21、ay. 10. You (can/might) _ be right, but Im going back to check it. 表示许可 couldnt could 表示猜测 can not 表示猜测(不可能) might 表示猜测 will和would： 1. 1. I I will will tell you something important.tell you something important. 我将要告诉你一些重要的事 Will you tell her that Im here? 请您告诉她说我在这儿，好吗? （助动词） （情态动词） will是助动词或是情态动词 用

22、于构成将来时是助动词。 用于表“意志/决心/请求”是情态动词。 would亦同理，只是表过去。 用于表示意志或意愿。用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在，指现在， 而而would指指过去。过去。 更多例句更多例句:1)Illneverdothatagain. 2)Theysaidthattheywouldhelpus. 3)NomatterwhatIsaid,hewontlistentome. I told him not to do it, but he would. 2. _ 2. _ If you want help, let me know, If you want help, let

23、me know, willwill you? you? 如果你需要帮助, , 让我知道, , 好吗? ? WouldWould you type this, please? you type this, please? 请打印这个，好吗？ WontWont you sit down? you sit down? 请坐下，好吗？ 疑问句中用于第二人称，提出请求 表委婉不是表过去 表表“请求、建议请求、建议”等，用等，用would比用比用will委婉，委婉， 客气些客气些 Eg:1)Willyoulendmeyourbook? 2)Wouldyoulikeacupoftea? 3.表示表示经常性、

24、习惯性、倾向性经常性、习惯性、倾向性动作。动作。will指现在，指现在， would指过去。指过去。 Eg:1)Hewilloftenreadallnight. 2)Fishwilldiewithoutwater. 3)Everyevening,shewouldsitbywindow, deepinthought. 翻译为翻译为“经常、惯于、总是经常、惯于、总是”。 1).The old man _have a smoke under a big tree every afternoon after he finished his farm work. would 4.表示功能，译作表示功能，

25、译作“能、行能、行” Eg:1)Thatwillbeallright. 2)Thisdoorwontopen. shall和should： 1. 1. Perhaps I Perhaps I shallshall pay a visit to England this winter. pay a visit to England this winter. 可能今年冬天我会去英国观光。 （构成一般将来时, , 助动词） shall用于构成将来时是助动词。 （表 “决心”，情态动词） Shall we put off the sports meeting until next month? Sha

26、ll Tom go there with me tomorrow? 2.用于征求意见,是情态动词,一般用于第一 人称和第三人称 （表 “决心”，情态动词） Dont worry, you shall get the book. Nothing shall stop us. You shall get what you deserve. He shall be punished if he breaks the rule. No one shall smoke here. 2.用于表允诺，决心，警告，命令,或 颁布法令规定等。用于二三人称。 You shall fail if you donYo

27、u shall fail if you dont work harder. t work harder. （警告）（警告） He shall have the book when I finish reading it.He shall have the book when I finish reading it. ( (允诺允诺) ) He shall be punished.He shall be punished. ( (威胁威胁) ) Canyousaysomethingabout“shall”? -Whatdoesthesignoverthereread? -“Noperson_sm

28、okeinthis area.” AwillBmayCshallD.must 4.should 1.用于表劝告、建议。用于表劝告、建议。意为意为”应该、应当应该、应当”。 Eg:Youshouldkeepyourpromise. 你应该遵守诺言。你应该遵守诺言。 You should call the police.You should call the police. 2.用于表推测。用于表推测。意为意为“可能、按理说可能、按理说” Eg:Its7oclock,heshouldbeathome. Theyshouldhavearrivedbynow. It Its 8 os 8 oclock

29、 now, he should be here clock now, he should be here at any moment.at any moment. 3. should表示意外或惊讶 常译为 “居然，竟然”。 I cant believe such a gentleman should be so rude to the old. 我不敢相信这样一个绅士居然对老人如此 无礼。 6.must 1.表示义务或强烈的劝告，意为表示义务或强烈的劝告，意为“必须必须”“”“应该应该”， 其否定式表示其否定式表示“不应该不应该”“”“不许可不许可”“不不 准准”“”“禁止禁止”。 Eg:1)

30、Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst. 2)Childrenmustntspeaklikethattotheirparents. 2.回答回答must所在的一般疑问句时，否定回答用所在的一般疑问句时，否定回答用 “neednt”“donthaveto”. Eg:-Mustwefinishtheworktomorrow? -No,youneednt/donthaveto,butyoumust finishitinthreedays. 5. must, cant 1) must 表示必须、必要表示必须、必要, must表示主观多一些表示主观多一些 而而have to则表示客

31、观多一些。回答则表示客观多一些。回答must引出引出 的问句时的问句时, 如果是否定的回答如果是否定的回答, 不能用不能用mustnt, 而要用而要用neednt或或dont have to。如：如： Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.) 3.表推测，用于肯定句，意为表推测，用于肯定句，意为“一定一定”“”“务必务必”。 Eg:1)Bettymustbeinthenextroom. 2)Hemustbewateringtheflowersin hisgarden. 注意：

32、 must 表示推测时， 只能用于肯定句。 must do 对一般时的肯定推测 must have done 对过去发生的事情作出的肯定判断 must be doing 对现在的动作进行肯定推测 There must be something wrong with the computer. 这个电脑肯定出了问题。这个电脑肯定出了问题。 You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.你努力学了一整天了，一定累了吧。你努力学了一整天了，一定累了吧。 4) must +be doing 表示对表示对现在的动作现在的动作进行进行 肯定推测。如肯定推测

33、。如: 他现在一定在看小说。他现在一定在看小说。 He must be reading novels now. They have bought a new car. They must have a lot of money. 他们买了一辆新车他们买了一辆新车, 他们一定很有钱。他们一定很有钱。 5) must +have done 表示对表示对过去发生的事情过去发生的事情 作出的肯定判断。作出的肯定判断。 他们在玩篮球，他们一定已经完成了作业。他们在玩篮球，他们一定已经完成了作业。 They are playing basketball, they must have finished t

34、heir homework. 路是湿的，路是湿的， 昨天晚上一定下雨了。昨天晚上一定下雨了。 The road is wet. It must have rained last night. must 有“偏要、非得、硬要”之意。如： How old are you, madam? If you must know, Im twice my sons age. 2. can, could 1) can /could 表示推测时表示推测时, 只能用在只能用在否定句否定句 或疑问句中或疑问句中。 Its so late. Can Tom be reading? 这么晚了这么晚了, 汤姆还在看书吗？

35、汤姆还在看书吗？ It cant be Mary. She has fallen ill. 这个人不可能是玛丽这个人不可能是玛丽, 她生病了。她生病了。 She couldnt be telling lies. 她不可能在说谎。她不可能在说谎。 2) can/could have done 对对过去发生过去发生行为的可能行为的可能 性进行推测性进行推测: 刚才我还看见他了，所以他不可能出国的。刚才我还看见他了，所以他不可能出国的。 I saw him just now so he couldnt have gone abroad. 门是锁着的，所以她不可能在家。门是锁着的，所以她不可能在家。

36、The door was locked. She couldnt have been at home. 3) can/could have done “本可以本可以, 本来能够本来能够” 用于用于肯定句肯定句中中, 表示对表示对过去发生的事情过去发生的事情做出做出 的判断。的判断。 你本来可以考的更好。你本来可以考的更好。 You could have had a better mark. 3. may/might 1) may/might表示推测时表示推测时, 只能用于只能用于陈述句陈述句, 表示对现在或将来要发生的动作把握不大。表示对现在或将来要发生的动作把握不大。 她们明天可能会到这里来

37、。她们明天可能会到这里来。 They may come here tomorrow. 他们可能还在等我们呢。他们可能还在等我们呢。 They may be still waiting for us. 2) might 可用于可用于指过去的行为或者表示可能性指过去的行为或者表示可能性 更小更小。 他也许在作功课吧。他也许在作功课吧。 He might be doing his homework now. 我问他我是否可以离开。我问他我是否可以离开。 I asked him if I might leave. I asked him “May I leave now?” Not sure Very

38、 sure He might be in the classroom. He may be in the classroom. He could be in the classroom. He should be in the classroom. He must be in the classroom. 情态动词的推测用法 3) might/may have done, 表示对表示对过去发生的动作过去发生的动作 进行可能性推测。进行可能性推测。 他可能去医务室了。他可能去医务室了。 He may have gone to the clinic. 他可能已经从报纸上知道这个消息了。他可能已经从

39、报纸上知道这个消息了。 He might have read about the news in the newspaper. 4) should/ought to have done 过去应该 做的事情而没有做, 表责备。如： You should have written with a pen, not a pencil. Yes, I know I ought to have, but I had no pen to write with. 5) should / ought not to have done 过去不应该做的事情却做了, 表责备、 悔恨情感。如： I was really

40、 anxious about you. You shouldnt have left home without a word. Im not feeling well in the stomach, I shouldnt have eaten so much fried chicken just now. Im sorry. I _ angry with you yesterday. It doesnt matter. I was a bit out of control myself, too. A.shouldnt have been B.mustnt have been C.should

41、nt be D.mustnt be 6) neednt have done 过去本不必做的 事情实际上却做了。如： You neednt have told him that. GS:ItookataxitoschoolfromFengquan Squaretoschool. JB:You_ataxi.Itwassonear. neednthavetaken 1. When you are very sure of something, you use must in positive sentences and cannot or cant in negative sentences. e.

42、g. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. It cant be true! I dont believe it. 2. When you are quite sure about something, you use can. e.g. Attending a ball can be exciting. Practice1 3. When you think that something is possible, but you are not very sure, you

43、use could, may or might. e.g.You could borrow some jewellery from your friend Jeanne, who is married to a rich man. You may not know that the necklace I returned is not the one that I had borrowed. Dont you have a friend who might lend you some jewellery? Practice 2:表示推测表示推测情态动词的重要用法情态动词的重要用法 1. You

44、 must be Mr Smith-I was told to expect you here. 2. He must have known what we wanted. 3. We may have read the same report. 4. He cant have slept through all that noise. 5. Theres someone outside-who can it be? 6. What can they be doing? 7. These pills might help to cure your disease. 8. You could b

45、e right, I suppose. 1. I dont know where she is, she _ be in Wuhan. 2. At this moment, our teacher _ our exam papers. 这时这时, 我们老师想必在批改试卷。我们老师想必在批改试卷。 3. The road is wet. It _ last night. (rain) 4. Your mother _ for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。你妈妈一定一直在找你。 may must be marking must have rained must have been lookin

46、g Practice3:Fillintheblanks. 5. Philip _ seriously in the car accident. 菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤。菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤。 6. -Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here. -She _ (go) by bus. may (might) have been hurt may (might) have gone 7. Mike _ his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的

47、车迈克一定还没有找回他的车, 因为早上他是因为早上他是 坐公共汽车来上班的。坐公共汽车来上班的。 cant have found Formoreexercises,clickhere. 走进高考走进高考 1.(10安徽安徽32) Jack described his father, who _a brave boy many years ago, as a strongwilled man A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been D 2. (10湖南湖南23) You _ buy a gift, but you c

48、an if you want to. A. must B. mustnt C. have to D. dont have to 3. (10江西江西23) I have told you the truth. _ I keep repeating it? A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will D A 4. Some people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy; they _ just be quiet people. (2009安徽卷安徽卷) A. must B. may C. should D. would B 5. One of the few things you _ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather. (2009