欧洲文化作家简介(1)

1、孙宏梅 杨松 王飞霏 闫晓盼 Realism in Northern Europe Henrik Ibsen August Strindberg Henrik Ibsen(亨利克亨利克易卜生易卜生) nHenrik Ibsen (20 March 1828 23 May 1906) was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. Writing Style nHe looked to ordinary social and domestic relationships and situatio

2、ns for the subject-matter of his plays .His work is sharply critical of the hypocrisy and seamy politics of Norwegian provincial life. Ibsens plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama. Several of his plays were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theater was requi

3、red to model strict mores of family life and propriety. Three Distinct Features n1. Romantic Drama (1850-1875) n characters and situations are idealized, larger n than life. n2. Realistic Drama(1875-1890) n “Real life” is represented on stage n3. Symbolist Drama (1890-1905) nAdditional meanings and

4、relationships behind the nevents of “real life” are suggested. Achievements n During the period of the May 4th Movement of 1919 in China, Bernard Shaw ,as well as Henrik Ibsen, were accepted as thinkers of social criticism and model playwrights writing social problem drama. n “五四”时期,萧伯纳与易卜生一起被当作具 有社

5、会批判精神的思想家和写作“社会问题剧” 的模范作家而被接受。 Henrik Ibsens major works: A Dolls House Ghosts An Enemy of the People The Wild Duck Hedda Gabler A Dolls House 主要内容主人公娜拉主要内容主人公娜拉 从爱护丈夫、信赖丈从爱护丈夫、信赖丈 夫到与丈夫决裂，最夫到与丈夫决裂，最 后离家出走，摆脱玩后离家出走，摆脱玩 偶地位的自我觉醒过偶地位的自我觉醒过 程。程。 Background Ibsens A Dolls House (1879), written while Ibs

6、en was in Rome and Amalfi, Italy, was conceived at a time of revolution in Europe. Charged with the fever of the 1848 European revolutions, a new modern perspective was emerging in the literary and dramatic world, challenging the romantic tradition. theme This play focuses on the ways that women are

7、 perceived in their various roles, especially in marriage and motherhood. Influence 玩偶之家玩偶之家曾被比做曾被比做“妇女解放运动的宣言妇女解放运动的宣言 书书”。在这个宣言书里，娜拉终于觉悟到自己。在这个宣言书里，娜拉终于觉悟到自己 在家庭中的玩偶地位，并向丈夫严正地宣称：在家庭中的玩偶地位，并向丈夫严正地宣称： “首先我是一个人，跟你一样的人至少我要学首先我是一个人，跟你一样的人至少我要学 做一个人。做一个人。”以此作为对以男权为中心的社会以此作为对以男权为中心的社会 传统观念的反叛。传统观念的反叛。 He

8、nrik Ibsen said, It is your greatest duty to make yourself out. “ 易卜生说：你的最大责任是把你这块材料铸成器。 Marriage! Nothing else demands so much of a man. -Henrik Johan Ibsen. 婚姻！除此之外再没什么要求男人那么多了。-亨利 克易卜生。 August Strindberg (斯特林堡 1849-1912) Introduction nJohan August Strindberg was a Swedish playwright, novelist, po

9、et, essayist and painter. He knew poverty and humiliation from his childhood .A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindbergs career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural an

10、alysis, and politics. Personal life nStrindberg was married three times. Strindbergs relationships with women were troubled and have often been interpreted as misogynistic by contemporaries and modern readers. Most acknowledge, however, that he had uncommon insight into the hypocrisy of his societys

11、 gender roles and sexual morality. Marriage and families were being stressed in Strindbergs lifetime as Sweden industrialized and urbanized at a rapid pace. Problems of prostitution and poverty were debated among writers, critics and politicians. His early writing often dealt with the traditional ro

12、les of the sexes imposed by society, which he criticized as unjust. Major work (s) nHis first significant play was Master Olaf. nIt is considered Swedens great drama. Master Olaf nIt is a historical drama in five acts by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The story is about the reformer Olaus

13、 Petris struggle against the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century. First written in 1872, Strindberg rewrote it many times in both prose and verse. Major works nHis autobiographical works including The son of a servant (女仆的儿子) A Fools Defense(愚人的 辩护) and Alone(孤单) .They are like those produced

14、by the existentialism of our own time ,outcries hard struggle for self-realization in a chaotic world. A Fool Defense nIt is an autobiographical novel by the Swedish writer August Strindberg. The narrative is based on Strindbergs marriage to Siri von Essen. The book was written in French and first p

15、ublished in a German translation in 1893. It has also been published in English as The Confession of a Fool, A Madmans Defence, A Fools Apology and A Madmans Manifesto. His another famous books The Father nIt is a play that victimizes men, and puts a negative spotlight on women and their alleged man

16、ipulation over men. Many times, the Captain, in great detail, talks about how women have become his enemy, even his long loved Nurse. At the time the play was written, Strindbergs marriage was deteriorating with his wife Siri von Essen, and situations in the play could have very loosely resembeld si

17、tuations occurring in his failing marriage. Furthermore, there is a heavy religious theme in the play. The Captain, who is an atheist, constantly disparages the Nurses and Pastors Christian beliefs as hypocritical and cold. Almost symbolically, the plays last line is the Pastors, with a simple, Back

18、ground nBecause of blasphemous comments about Jesus Christ, Strindberg found it hard for his work to be published and produced in Sweden. Therefore, the play was the first Strindberg play to be produced outside of Scandinavia, in Berlin in 1890. The Father marked a turning point for Strindberg, as he went to a style of writing he deemed artistic-psychological writing The Father was yet another example of the ongoing discussion in the Scandinavian theater surrounding womens rights, marriage and sexual morality . Strindberg did not refer to his wor