XX年高考英语二轮复习语法专题精品文档

1、xx年高考英语二轮复习语法专题定语从句一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.注意：（1）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；（2）定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。（3）引导定语从句的关系代词有：that,which,who,whom,whose，as关系副词有：when,where,why.二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：关系代词引

2、导的定语从句,关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。指代对象在从句中所做的成分人物人+物可否省略主语who/thatwhich/thatthat不可宾语who/whom/thatwhich/thatthat可表语thatthatthat可定语whose/ofwhomwhose/ofwhich不可thisisthedetectivewhocamefromlondon.thebookwhichthatiamreadingiswrittenbythomashardy.thedeskwhoselegisbrokenisveryold.thisistheroomthatwhich

3、shakespearewasbornin.注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词whowhom,that通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom,不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。1作定语用whose=the+n+ofofwhich=ofwhichthe+nheisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.itwasameetingwhoseimportanceididnotrealizeatthattime.注意：“介词+whose+名词”引导定语从句。如：ilovemymotherland,forwh

4、osegoodfutureiwillworkhard.门是蓝色的那间房是我的。2作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.thisisnolongerthedirtyplaceitusedtobe.3、as在定语从句中的用法:：as可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（1）.as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如，就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。例theelephantsnoseislikeasnake，asanybodycansee.（2）as引导限制性定语从句多与such、so或thesam

5、e连用，它可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。suchpeopleaswerementionedbyhimwerehonest.ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid.（3）.as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。例如：ashadbeenexpected，theenglandteamwonthefootballmatch.theearthrunsaroundthesun，asisknowntoeveryone.注意：thesamethat

6、与thesameas在意思上是不同的。例如：thisisthesamebagasilostyesterday.这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。（相似物）thisisthesamebagthatilostyesterday.这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。（同一物）（二）关系副词的用法：1when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time,day,morning,night,week,year等。doyouknowthedatewhenlincolnwasborn?注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如：eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpu

7、s.buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place,spot,street,house,room,city等，thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.iforgetthehousewherethesmithslived.3.why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on+whi

8、ch;where=in+which;why=forwhich.如：iwasinbeijingonthedaywhenhearrived.theofficewhereheworksisonthethirdfloor.thisisthechiefreasonwhywedidit.2当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where试比较：illneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.illnev

9、erforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。4as和which引导定语从句的区别有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：hepassedtheexam,which

10、/ashehopedhewould.（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.asisknowntoall,taiwanisapartofchina.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象那样”。（3）as引导的非限制性定语从句表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示消极的意义，则只用which。如：hehassucceededinhiscareer,as/whichweall

11、hope.他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希hergrandmadiedlastweek,whichmadeherverysad.她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用which,而不可用as。如：hehasanewcomputer,forwhichhepaidnearlytenthousandyuan.当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构时，一般只能用which,而不用as。如：shetoldusthattherewassomethingwrongwithherbike,whichwastrue。heaskedhertohelphimwithhi

12、senglish,whichshedid.关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用which,而不用as。如：hespeaksenglishveryfluently,whichicant.关系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用which,而不用as。如：hesuggestedgoingswimmingintheriver,whichideaweagreedwith.关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用which,而不用as。如：hesentmeabeautifulpresent,whichivaluedverymuch

13、.as在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟such连用。如：therewasalookofloveintheteacherseyes,suchasmothershavefortheirchildren.老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。as常用于一些固定结构中。如：asiswellknown/asweallknow众所周知；asissaidabove正如上面所说；asmightbeimagined正像所想象的那样；asisreported如报道所说；ashasbeenpointed如所指出的那样；asisexpected正如所料。5在正式文体中，以theway为先行词的限制性定语从

14、句通常以inwhich或that引导，如：thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略inwhich或that:thewayhespoketouswassuspicious.idontlikethewayyoulaughather.四关系词的选择1在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。2关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用wh

15、om指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?doyouknowtheboyshewastalkingto?thepencilhewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：当先行词是all,alot,little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如：a

16、llthatcanbedonehasbeendone.当先行词被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如：weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.whenpeopletalkabouthangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindisthewestlake.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：thatsthemoste

17、xpensivehotelthatweveeverstayedin.thisnovelisthesecondbestonethatihaveeverread.当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如：thisistheverybookthatiwanttofind.当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：theguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawatthechildrenspalace.shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeop

18、leandplacesthatimpressedhermost.当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?4.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who，而不用that：当先行词是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等词时。如：isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroug

19、htheenemyprisoncamp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：youretheonethatknowswheretogo.)当先行词是he,they,those,people,person等词时。如：hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindgettingwet.thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用hethat。如：hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththick

20、glasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who。如：anewmasterwillcametomorrowwhowillteachyougerman.theresonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomiwantedtosee.iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who来引导，如：sheistheonlygirliknowwhocanplaytheguitar.5.在限制性定语从句中，当

21、先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast等词所修饰时。如：sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.6.当先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可

22、以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：thisisthesameinstrumentthatiusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。thisisthesameinstrumentasiusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。7.当先行词前有such,so,as时，关系词应当用as。如：awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesntunderstand.hespokeinsucheasyenglishaseverybodycouldunde

23、rstand.atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.letsdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.注意的问题：1、theonlyoneof+n+定语从句（用单数谓语动词）oneof+the+n+定语从句（用复数动词）2、suchas引导定语从句与suchthat引导结果状语从句thisbookiswritteninsucheasyenglishasbeginnerscan

24、understand.thisbookiswritteninsucheasyenglishthatbeginnerscanunderstandit.3、当situation,condition,stage,point，scenes做先行词时，用where引导定语从句4、when的先行词通常是time,day,season,age,occasion等时间名词thereareoccasionswhenonemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。5、where引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别pleasemakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestion.pleasemake

25、amarkattheplacewhereyouhaveanyquestion.6、theway做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据theway在定语从句中所做的成分来决定idontliketheway_heistreatedtheway_youthoughtoftosolvetheproblemisveryusefulpleasefindaway_isthekeytosolvingtheproblem7、thereason做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据thereason在定语从句中所做的成分来决定thereason_iwaslatewasthatiwascaughtinatrafficjamidon

26、tbelievethereason_hegaveforhisbeinglate8、介词+which引导的定语从句中介词的选择：9.在下列情况下，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。定语从句的主语是few,little,some,most,many,much等时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。intheroomarelotsofpeople,manyofwhomidontknow.hehasalotofstory-books,afewofwhichihaveneverread.定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。如：theoldmanhasth

27、reechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudentsandoneofwhomisamanager.那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。定语从句的主语是all,none,both,neither,each等不定代词时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。如therearefiftystudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.heplantedtwotreeslastyear,bothofwhicharegrowingwell.在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。如：hehasthr

28、eebrothers,ofwhomlileiistheyoungestone.therearemanycountriesinasia,ofwhichchinaisthelargestone.10、表示部分与整体ofwhich/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用ofwhich/whom或者ofwhich/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few,several,some,half,many,much,most,all,none,either,neither,aquarter,anumber,thelarger,thesmallest,themaj

29、ority等。ourschoolhas80teachers,50ofwhomarewomen.hehaslotsofbooks,mostofwhichareenglishones.注意这里的ofwhich不能用whose代替，这与表示所属关系的ofwhich不同：theroomthedoorofwhichisbluebelongstome.11、注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。thefactorywherehisfatherworkedhasclosed.比较：thefactorywhich/thatwasbuiltin1978hasclosed.i

30、llneverforgetthedayswhenwelivedtogether.比较：illneverforgetthedayswespentinaustralia.thereasonshewasillwasthatshehadeatenbadmeat.比较：thereasonhegaveforhisabsencewasobviouslyfabricated.12、关系词的选择方法一看先行词的意义即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。二看关系词的句法功能即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作

31、定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when,where,why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用when,where,why来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如iforgetthetimewhenhewillcome.iforgetthetimethathetoldme.我忘记了他告诉我的时间。thereasonwhyhecantcomeisthatheisill.他不能来的原因是他病了。thereasonthathetoldmeisnottrue.他告诉我的原因不真实。三看定语从句的种类即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定

32、语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：ifyouvereallysaidthattoher,_willcauserealtrouble.a.thatb.whichc.asd.what此题答案是a，不是b。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填which。正确的理解是：ifyouvereallysaidthattoher是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语12、关系代词做定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。hewhodoesntreachthegreatwallisn

33、otatrueman13、定语从句与强调句的区别的诀窍：若将itiswasthatwho去掉而句中不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型。若结构不完整，说明原句为定语从句。itwasnotuntil1920_regularradiobroadcastsbegan.14、定语从句与同位语从句的区别：定语从句50题1.theplace_interestedmemostwasthechildrenspalace.a.whichb.wherec.whatd.inwhich2.doyouknowtheman_?a.whomispokeb.towhospokec.ispoketod.thatispoke3

34、.thisisthehotel_lastmonth.a.whichtheystayedb.atthattheystayedc.wheretheystayedatd.wheretheystayed4.doyouknowtheyear_thechinesecommunistpartywasfounded?a.whichb.thatc.whend.onwhich5.thatistheday_illneverforget.a.whichb.onwhichc.inwhichd.when6.thefactory_wellvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.a.whereb.towh

35、ichc.whichd.inwhich7.greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_weareworking.a.whereb.thatc.whichd.there8.thisisoneofthebestfilms_.a.thathavebeenshownthisyearb.thathaveshownc.thathasbeenshownthisyeard.thatyoutalked9.canyoulendmethebook_theotherday?a.aboutwhichyoutalkedb.whichyoutalkedc.abouttha

36、tyoutalkedd.thatyoutalked10.thepen_heiswritingismine.a.withwhichb.inwhichc.onwhichd.bywhich11.theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof_satasmallboy.a.whomb.whoc.whichd.that12.theengineer_myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.a.towhomb.onwhomc.withwhichd.withwhom13.itthereanyoneinyourclass_familyisinthecountry?a.w

37、hob.whosc.whichd.whose14.iminterestedin_youhavesaid.a.allthatb.allwhatc.thatd.which15.iwanttousethesamedictionary_wasusedyesterday.a.whichb.whoc.whatd.as16.heisntsuchaman_heusedtobe.a.whob.whomc.thatd.as17.heisgoodatenglish,_weallknow.a.thatb.asc.whomd.what18.liming,_totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.a.

38、iwentwithb.withwhomiwentc.withwhoiwentd.iwentwithhim19.idontlike_asyouread.a.thenovelsb.thesuchnovelsc.suchnovelsd.samenovels20.hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons_theyrememberedintheschool.a.whichb.thatc.whomd.what21.theletterisfrommysister,_isworkinginbeijing.a.whichb.thatc.whomd.who22.inourfactoryt

39、hereare2,000workers,twothirdsof_arewomen.a.themb.whichc.whomd.who23.youretheonlyperson_iveevermet_coulddoit.a.who;/b./;whomc.whom;/d./;who24.ilostabook,_icantremembernow.a.whosetitleb.itstitlec.thetitleofitd.thetitleofthat25.lastsummerwevisitedthewestlake,_hangzhouisfamousintheworld.a.forwhichb.fort

40、hatc.inwhichd.what26.ihaveboughtsuchawatch_wasadvertisedontv.a.thatb.whichc.asd.it27.icanneverforgettheday_weworkedtogetherandtheday_wespenttogether.a.when;whichb.which;whenc.what;thatd.onwhich;when28.theway_helooksatproblemsiswrong.a.whichb.whosec.whatd./29.thisisthereason_hedidntcometothemeeting.a

41、.inwhichb.withwhichc.thatd.forwhich30.thismachine,_formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.a.afterwhichihavelookedb.whichihavelookedafterc.thatihavelookedafterd.ihavelookedafter31.thereason_hedidntcomewas_hewasill.a.why;thatb.that;whyc.forthat;thatd.forwhich;what32.heisworkinghard,_willmakehimpassthefi

42、nalexam.a.thatb.whichc.forwhichd.who33.thatisnottheway_idoit.a./b.whichc.forwhichd.withwhich34.ihavetwogrammars,_areofgreatuse.a.allofwhichb.eitherofwhichc.bothofthatd.bothofwhich35.iwanttousethesametools_usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.a.aswasb.whichwasc.aswered.which36.myneighboursusedtogivemeahandin

43、timeoftrouble,_wasverykindofthem.a.whob.whichc.thatd.it37.thisisthemagazine_icopiedtheparagraph.a.thatb.whichc.fromthatd.fromwhich38.heisnotsuchaman_wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.a.thatb.whichc.whod.as39.youcandependonwhateverpromise_hemakes.a./b.whyc.whend.whose40.smoking,_isabadhabit,is,however,popula

44、r.a.thatb.whichc.itd.though41.-didyouasktheguard_happened?-yes,hetoldmeall_heknew.a.what;thatb.what;whatc.which;whichd.that;that42.ishallneverforgetthoseyears_ilivedonthefarmwiththefarmers,_hasagreateffectonmylife.a.when;whob.that;whichc.which;thatd.when;which43.thenumberofthepeoplewho_cars_increasi

45、ng.a.owns;areb.owns;isc.own;isd.own;are44.duringthedays_,heworkedasaservantatthebrowns.a.followedb.followingc.tofollowd.thatfollowed45.isoxygentheonlygas_helpsfireburn?a.thatb./c.whichd.it46.thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_hecouldsee_wasgoingoninsidehouse.a.which;whatb.throughwhich;whatc.throughthat

46、;whatd.what;that47.is_somegermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?a.thisschoolb.thistheschoolc.thisschooloned.thisschoolwhere48.johngotbeateninthegame,_hadbeenexpected.a.asb.thatc.whatd.who49.ihaveboughttwoballpens,_writeswell.a.noneofthemb.neitherofthemc.neitherofwhichd.noneofwhich50.allthatcanbeeaten_eatenup

47、.a.arebeingb.hasbeenc.hadbeend.havebeen参考答案及解析1.a.which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。2c.和谁讲话”要说speaktosb.本题全句应为doyouknowthemanwhomispoketo.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。3.d.where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。4.c.when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。5a.which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。6c.解析同第5题。7.a.解析见第3题。8.a.本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，

48、关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态havebeenshown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则theone应该视为先行词。9.a.“谈到某事物”应说talkaboutsth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。10.a.withwhich是介词+关系代词结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有用的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that.withwhich在定语从句中作状语,即heiswritingwithapen.11.c.infrontofwhich即infrontofafarmhouse.infrontofwhich在从句中作状

49、语.12.d.withwhom引导定语从句.withwhom放在从句中即为:myfatherworkswiththeengineer.13.d.whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.14.a.that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.15.d.thesame.as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.16.d.suchas是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.17.b.as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代

50、整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.18.b.limingenjoyeditverymuch是主句,withwhomiwenttotheconcert是定语从句.withwhom放在从句中为:iwenttotheconcertwithliming.19.c.as引导定语从句时通常构成suchas或thesameas固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。such修饰单数名词时,要用sucha.,本题中suchbooks,such直接修饰复数名词.20.b.things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.21.d.who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.22.c.twoth