高中英语名词讲解及练习（精华版）

1、名词一、名词的分类专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如beijing ， china 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book， sadness等。专有名词8普通名词抽象名词不可数名词物质名词集体名词个体名词可数名词个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（countable nouns ），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（uncountable nouns ）。proper nouns ： 指人名、地名及某些人和事物专有的名称eg: diana; beijing; americans;english; may; new yea

2、r s day注意： 专有名词的第一个字母要大写common nouns ： 一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词1. individual nouns:指作为个体而存在的人或东西可以指具体的人或物。eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象东西。 eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream2. collective nouns:表示若干个个体组成的集合体eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单

3、数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。his familynot large.his familyall music lovers.有少数集体名词通常用作单数。eg: the gang is being hunted by the police.our company is sending him to work in berlin.个别集体名词则多作复数看待。eg: the police are looking for him.3. material nouns:指无法分为个体的物质。eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint;

4、 paper; soil一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份 ”、 “一杯 ”、“一种 ”eg: two strong black coffees, please. (两份)three beers, please. (三杯 )it was a special tea. (一种 ) 2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。eg: rains （雨季）sands（沙滩）snows ( 积雪)waters(海域 ) 4. abstract nouns: 表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念eg: education; l

5、ove; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。eg: he s learning french for fun. i wish you good luck.抽象名词转化为可数名词。failure is the mother of success.(失败与成功在此为抽象概念)as a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little tim

6、e to looking after her child.(成功者，失败者，可数 )二、名词的数 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如： health, advice, glass, wood, english, america不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。2. 以元音 +y 或以专有名词 +y 结尾的名词，直接在词尾加-s. eg: boys; toys; henrys3. 以-o 结尾的名词 + es 在课本中出现的有hero, potato, tomato ；其余以 -o 结尾的词 + s: (photo,piano, radio, bambo

7、o ,zoo )4:以 f/fe 结尾只加 -s 的词： proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs handkerchief （手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。不规则变化：变内部元音： foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen词尾加 -en 或 ren： ox-oxen, child-childrenouse ice ：mouse-mice; louse-lice （虱子）有些外来词的不规则

8、复数形式：crisis-criseseg: analysi s-analyses;basis-bases;thesi s-theses;criteri on-criteri a;phenomenon-phenomena;medi um -media可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：情况加法例词一般情况以 s, x, ch, sh,结尾的词以辅音 y 结尾的词加-s 加-es去 y 加-iesbrothers; schools buses; watches; dishesladies; countries以 f 或 fe 结尾的词把 f/fe 改成veshalves; lea

9、vesnotes:1. stomach - stomachs单复数相同的情况 ： sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species; chinese; japanese以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin, mu只有复数形式的情况 ： trousers(裤子 ); glasses(眼镜 ); compasses(圆规 )a pair of thanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle“某国人 ”的复数形式：?单、复数相同chinese, japanese,

10、swiss,?词尾加 -safricans, asians, canadians, australians, italians,?变 man 为 menenglishman-englishmen, frenchman-frenchmen但： german-germans复合名词的复数形式： 1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law fathers-in-law, passer-bypassers-by,looker-on lookers-on, editor-in-chief editors-in-chief2. 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。 如：grown-ups, good-f

11、or-nothings（无用的人） ，go-betweens（ 中间人）， look-outs （守望者）3. 由 man, woman, 构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers?boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。beauty(美，美貌 )-a beauty( 一个美人 /物) danger(危险 ) a danger(一件危险的事 /人) failure( 失败) a failure( 一件失败的事 /

12、人) honour( 光荣) an honour( 带来荣誉的 /或事) pity( 遗憾 ) a pity( 一件可惜的事 )success(成功 ) a success(一件成功的事 /人) surprise(惊奇 )a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事) pleasure(乐趣 ) a pleasure(一件有趣的事 ) worry( 担心 ) a worry( 一件令人担心的事) experience(经验 ) an experience(一次经历 ) service(服务 ) a service(一个服务机构 )英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。a poem(一首诗 )poe

13、try( 诗歌总称 )a machine(一台机器 )machinery( 机器总称 ) a job( 一件工作 )work( 工作 )a laugh(一个笑声 )laughter(笑声 ) a permit( 许可证 )permission( 允许 )a garment (一件衣裳 )clothing( 衣裳总称 )a bag(case) (一件行李 )luggage, baggage(行李 ) a loaf ( 一只面包 )bread(面包 )a hair(一根头发 )hair( 头发 )几个名词的特殊用法1. hairhis hair is white. （他的头发是白的。 ）he ha

14、s a few grey hairs.（他有几根白的头发。 ）2. fruitthe fruit is sweet.he likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.3. policethe police are searching for the murderer. dozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencilsthree dozen of them / these pencils dozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of peopleword

15、（消息，通知） , man （人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。三、名词的格 英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格。所有格表示所有关系， 修饰另一名词， 作定语， 它有两种形式： 一种是由名词词尾加 s构成，另一种是由介词of 加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。所有格的形式：1. 一般的名词所有格在后面加：smary s book2. 以 s 结尾的复数名词所有格在后面仅加： teachers day, the students-roomreading3. 以 s 结尾的专有名词所有格：engels s work或s engels

16、works4. 复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加：shis mother-in- law s photothe editor-in- chief s opinion5. 如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加 s如, 果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加 ：stom and marry s father,toms and marry s fathers6. 在表示 “某人家 ”、“店铺 ”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词：at the doctor s, at the barber sa, t mr. green s, at the tailors7. 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、

17、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格： today s newspaperten minutes walkchinas industrythe stations waiting-roomthe earths surfacea dollars worth8. 凡不能加 s构成所有格的名词，都可以与of 结成短语，来表示所有格关系。就是有生命的东西的名词也可如此，特别是当这个名词有较长的定语时：the door of our classroomdo you know the name of the girl standing at the gate?在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、 不

18、定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of 词组 +所有格 ”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。a friend of her mothersa few friends of tomsthat book of toms several classmates of his9. 一个名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重复。如：this is not my pen, but mary s.10. 名词原形直接作定语（不表示所有关系）room numbercoffee cupshoe factorygeography lessoncolour film

19、 tooth brushpower plantwelcome partyheart troublefood industry apple treephysics teacher但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语parents meeting(家长会 )goods train( 货车)sales department (销售部 ) sports meet(运动会 )名词所有格 (the possessive case of nouns) some patterns:1.i ll take the risk for friendship 2.she was at her wit（s黔e驴nd技. 3.

20、now they could sing at their heart为了友谊 )s sake. (穷）（尽s情c地on）tent.4. we should get the children out of harm（不受损s 害wa）y.5. we had best keep them at arm s （len保gt持h.距离）6. for goodness stokpe,arguing. （看在上帝的份上）7. jane got the money s worth out of the（co很a合t. 算）1. the lion is considered the king of the f

21、orest as it is a(n)of courage and power.a. exampleb. signc. markd. symbol2. he dropped theand broke it.a. cup of coffeeb. coffee s cupc. cup for coffeed. coffee cup3. i need cloth, for i m going to mackleothes.a. a lot of; manyb. much; muchc. many; manyd. many; a lot4. he gained hisby printingof fam

22、ous writers.a. wealth; workb. wealths; worksc. wealths; workd. wealth; works5. many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of.a. energyb. sourcec. powerd. material6. you ll find this map of greatin helping you to get round london.a. priceb. costc. valued. usefulness7

23、. - who did you spend last weekend with?-.a. palmer sb. the palmers c. the palmersd. the palmers8. my parents always let me have my ownof living.a. wayb. methodc. mannerd. fashion9. the lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n)of courage and power.a. exampleb. signc. markd. symbol10. w

24、e volunteered to collect money to help theof the earthquake.a. victimsb. folksc. fellowsd. villagers11. if you don t take away all your things frothme desk, there won t be enoughmy forstationery.a. areab. placec. roomd. surface12. it is widely accepted that young babies learn to do things because ce

25、rtain acts lead to.a. rewardsb. prizesc. awardsd. results13. in the botanic garden we can find a(n)of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.a. speciesb. groupc. amountd. variety14. - can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?- no, it s out of.a. rangeb. reachc. controld. distance15

26、. the life oflondon is made up ofmany different.a. elementsb. sectionsc. materiald. realities16. for the sake of her daughter s health, she decided to move to a warm.a. weatherb. temperaturec. seasond. climate17. to regain theirafter an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass.a. forceb. energy

27、c. powerd. health18. i saw bob play the piano at john s party and on thathe was simply brilliant.a. sceneb. circumstancec. occasiond. situation19. it can t be a(n) that fourlrjeywsetores were robbed in one night.a. coincidenceb. accidentc. incidentd. chance20. accordingto the recent research, heavy

28、coffee drinkand heart attack is not necessarily and effect.a. reasonb. impactc. factd. cause21. - i m sorry i stepped outside for a smoke. i was very tired.- there is nofor this while you are on duty.a. reasonb. excusec. caused. explanation22. the manager has got a good businessso the company is doi

29、ng well.a. ideab. sensec. thoughtd. thinking23. don t leave matches or cigarettes on tthaeble withinof little children.a. handb. reachc. spaced. distance24. theenvironmentalists and wi ld goatson the vast grasslands was a good indicationof the better environment.a. escapeb. absencec. attendanced. ap

30、pearance25. the village is far away from here indeed. it swalka . a four hourb. a four hoursc. a four-hoursd. a four hours26. i have read the material several times but it doesnt make anyto me.a. meaningb. importancec. sensed. significance27. it is generally believed that teaching isit is a science.

31、a. an art much asb. much an art asc. as an art much asd. as much an art as28. the police are offering ato anyone who can give information about the lost key.a. priceb. prizec. rewardd. money29. i keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the childrena. reachb. handc. holdd. place.s30. at the meeting t

32、hey discussed three differentto the study of mathematics 。a. approachesb. meansc. methodsd. ways31. always read theon the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.a. explanationsb. instructionsc. descriptionsd. introductions32. you have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of

33、。a. dateb. shapec. orderd. balance33. to make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know theirand weaknessesa. strengthsb. benefitsc. techniquesd. values34. the school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don t give you any direct.a. solutionb. targetc. me

34、asured. function35. james took the magazines off the little table to makefor the television.a. roomb. areac. fieldd. position36. those who suffer from headache will find they getfrom this medicine.a. reliefb. safetyc. defensed. shelter37. last year the number of students who graduated with a driving

35、 licence reached 200,000, a (n) of 40,000 per year.a averageb numberc amountd quantity38. after the earthquake, tile first thing the local government did was to providefor the homeless families.a. accommodationb. occupationc. equipmentd. furniture39. the doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble a

36、nd never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good.a. expectationb. reputationc. contributiond. civilization40. this restaurant has become popular for its wide pockets.a. divisionb. areac. ranged. circleof foods that suit all tastes and41. i haven t seen sara since she was a，gairnl d

37、 she has changed beyond .a. hearingb. strengthc. recognitiond measure42. i found her sitting in the corner, readingnewspaper, within her eyes.a. a, tearb. a piece of, tearsc. a, tearsd. a piece of, tear43. her father works as ain a hotel and her mother ain a private company.a. cooker, typewriterb. c

38、ook, typistc. cooker, typistd. cook, typewriter44. “ why couldn t they meet us at five o clock?”“ because they were delayed by.a. heavy trafficb. heavy trafficsc. crowded trafficd. crowded traffics45. in fact,one cause that leads to the problem.a. cattle isb. cattle arec. cattles ared. the cattles a

39、re46. by all, you must try everyto help him.a. mean, meanb. means, meansc. means, meand. mean, means47. jim isperson, and everyone is willing to bewith him.a. so kind a, friendsb. so a kind, friendsc. so kind a, friendd. so a kind, friend48. we already havepencils, but we need twopens.a. dozen of, d

40、ozenb. dozens of, dozenc. dozens of, dozend. dozens of, dozen of49. she raised her finger to her lips asfor silence.a. an ideab. a markc. a signd. a word50. may i tak e your order now?” “ we d like three blackand two green.”a. coffee, cups of teasb. coffees, teasc. cups of coffee, tead. cup of coffe

41、es, teas51. ten years had passed. i found she had.a. a few white hairsb. a little white hairc. some white haird. more fifty hair52. hi, this way, please.ok.i sometimes have no sense ofwhen i arrive at the crossroad.a. positionb. directionc. situationd. condition53. shelly had prepared carefully for her english examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first.a. intentionb. attemptc. purposed. desire54. i didn t have to work all weekend i did it by .a. chanceb. choicec. accidentd. myself55. “ di