英语写作(10)-Paragraph-2[共46页]

1、1231. Development by Timen in chronological sequence = in order of time按时间先后顺序n things are mentioned according to the time when they happened, the first thing first & the last thing lastn the easiest & clearest way in telling a story or recounting an event4Analysisu Sample (1) Main idea: Time expres

2、sions: u Sample (2) Main idea:Time expressions:5Expressions for Describing Chronological Relationsnow, nowadays, when, before, after, while, duringbetween _and_, in _(year), since_later, earlier, formerlyat the turn of the century (decade)in the first half of the centuryin the 1990s, etc.at birth, i

3、n childhood, in infancy, in adolescence, as an adult, in adulthood, in old age, at deathsimultaneously, simultaneous with, at the same time as, the former,the latter, previous, previously, prior tofirst, second, etc.; in the first place, in the second place, etc.to begin with, next, then, subsequent

4、ly, in the next placein conclusion, finally, lastly, in the end62. Development by Processu explain how sth. is done according to its right sequence so as to avoid mistakes or failuresu usu. follow a chronological order and give a step-by-step descriptionu imperative sentences & sentences with the in

5、definite pron. you as the subject are often used in giving instructionsu use present tense if the instructions are still applicable7Sample 1 Analysis The paragraph describes step by step what things should be done before moving house and the present tense is used. However, one thing needs to be noti

6、ced in this paragraph: though many things should be done before moving house, there seems to be no fix order in which one thing should bedone before another as long as they are all done. This is another way to develop a paragraph by process.There are only two transitional words in this paragraph:Bef

7、ore the men come to move the furniture,1. And lastly,8Sample 2 1. Firstly, you should. get regular exercise.2. Just before the exam, it helps to write short notes.3. On the day of the exam, dont do any studying.9Expressions for Writing Process Descriptions occur, before, at this point, become, until

8、, at the same time, happen, while, after, grow, as, first,secondly,lastly take place, once, next, be carried out, then, change into, as soon as103. Development by Space First, choose a vantage point (有利位置有利位置), from which things are viewed. Second, state clearly the spatial relations (空间关系空间关系) amon

9、g the objects being described. Third, concentrate on the best-known features of the place & ignores the minor ones. Lastly, describe the place in present tense.11Sample 1: Oxford 12Analysis This paragraph is a description of the old university town, Oxford. In this paragraph, the author obviously st

10、ands at the center of Oxford and describes what surrounds him.13Sample 2:The Terrace Park 14Analysis The paragraph gives you a clear and orderly picture of a pretty park. Where do you think the author stands? He must be by one side of the park, for that is where he starts his description. The most i

11、mportant feature of the park is the pitches, and other features are the trees, the river, the flowers and other sports facilities. The present tense is used in the description.15Expressions for Describing Spatial Relationships where, in which, to which, from which, etc.under, over, inside, beside, o

12、n top of, etc.along, through, as far as, etc.north, northern, south, southern, etc.to the left, to the right, to the north, etc.at the back, in front, in the middle, etc.adjacent to parallel rectangle corresponding to parallel to semicircle distance perpendicular to slope midpoint plane space interi

13、or opposite surface diagonal overlapping vertical edge pyramid horizontal limit exterior intersection164. Development by Example often used in explaining things make writing vivid, convincing & memorable make dry, abstract ideas or theories interesting, concrete & easy to understand17Analysis The fi

14、rst two sentences of this paragraph seem to present a rather mysterious theory. But when you read the example, you find it really interesting and may even start to believe that there is some truth in it. Examples help to explain what you want to say or prove. They make dry and abstract theories easy

15、 to understand. So when you write an explanatory paragraph, you should always think of good examples to illustrate your views and points. Using the phrase For example is a convenient way to start.Sample 1 18Sample 2 Analysis In this paragraph, the author develops the controlling sentence with a seri

16、es of facts involving well-known people. These enable the writer to make abstract key idea “persistent investigation” concrete. They also add dramatic qualities that make the information interesting. We may notice that it is not always necessary to say “for example” or “for instance” when an example

17、 is given.19Expressions for Giving Specific Details for example as an illustration for instance in one instance for one thing in this instance to illustrate as an example in other words take _ for example as follows consider _ for example let me illustrate in practice let me cite as proof according

18、to statistics according to statistical evidence205. Development byComparison & Contrastu The method of comparison tends to focus on the similarities of the two objects being compared while the method of contrast emphasizes the differences between the two objects being contrasted.u There are two majo

19、r ways of organizing paragraphs of comparison or contrast. One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then examine the other. In this way, the aspects examined in the two things should be identical and in the same order. This method is called block comparison/contrast. The other way is to examin

20、e two things at the same time, discussing them point by point. This method is called alternating comparison/contrast. 21 Analysis As you read the paragraph, you find that the author first mentions the disadvantages of living in a big city. Four major problems are listed to illustrate the stress urba

21、n people have to live with daily. Then he begins to state the advantages of life in a country village by using the words In contrast. Four nice aspects of country life are mentioned, giving you a beautiful picture of the countryside. By contrast, you can immediately see the great differences between

22、 city life and country life. And block contrast is adopted here.Sample 1 22 Analysis Unlike Sample 1, this paragraph focuses on the similarities of the two objects being compared, jogging and Taiji. Neither of the two needs many facilities or help from others. But for a wide range of people, both ar

23、e very effective for keeping fit, and, therefore, very popular. And obviously, this paragraph is also developed by block comparison.Sample 2 23Expressions for Making Comparison and ContrastTo Compare: similar to, at the same rate as, similarly, as, like, alike, just as, likewise, in like manner, cor

24、respond to, in the same way, correspondingly, to have _ in common, resemble, common characteristics, etc., resemblance, to be parallel in _, almostthe same as, bothTo Contrast:differ from, unlike, however, in contrast to, still, inopposition to, nevertheless, on the contrary, otherwise, on the oppos

25、ite side, even so, on the other hand, less than, different from, more than, although,faster than, etc., while246. Development by Cause & EffectIn our daily conversation, questions with why are often asked and answered. This is called causal analysis (因果分析). There are two basic ways of organizing a p

26、aragraph developed by cause and effect: state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes; 1) state a cause and then mention the effects.25Sample 1 Analysis In this paragraph, the opening sentence points out what the record companies have been doing recently, and the rest

27、of the paragraph tells us how this affects the classical music industry in a negative way. Obviously the first sentence states the cause and then the rest of the paragraph states the effect. In the paragraph, though words like why or reason are not used, the cause-effect relationship is clearly impl

28、ied in the content.26Sample 2 Analysis This paragraph starts with the effect the housing in New York is worse for the Puerto Ricans. Then a series of causes are mentioned, such as Puerto Ricans who emigrate are poor, cheap apartments are hard to find, and cheap apartments are in the worse areas. Aft

29、er reading the paragraph, you can see why the housing in New York is worse for the Puerto Ricans. Sample 1 is a good example of a cause paragraph. Please find out the expressions used for cause in the paragraph.27Expressions for Discussing Cause and Effect so, consequently, as a result, thus, theref

30、ore, the result of, accordingly, because of, result in, for this reason, owing to, the effect of, since, the consequence of, hence, due to, have an effect on, because, the reason for, the cause of, It follows that as, now that, so that, seeing that, thanks to, for fear that, out of, such _that, owe

31、_ to, so as _ to, classifications, make _ possible, make it possible/ impossible for _ to do287. Development by Classificationn To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things. If we classify apples, for instance, we may classify them accordi

32、ng to size into large ones and small ones; according to color into red ones and green ones; according to price into expensive ones and cheap ones; according to locality of growth into imported and domestically produced.29n When you face a number of ideas, people or objects, you may classify them int

33、o groups according to their similarities or differences. By so doing, you give the reader a clear and in-depth view of them and sometimes, a feeling of order. Clear classification often helps the reader to see the different values of people or ideas. n The most important thing for a good classificat

34、ion is to have a clear and proper principle of classification.30l Parallelism of category is essential to a good classification. If we classify types of sports, we may speak of track and field events, swimming, ball games, etc. If we classify sports into jumping, ball games, running, floor exercise

35、(自由体操自由体操) and backstroke (仰泳仰泳), we would violate parallelism, for ball games should be considered a general category, while jumping and running are subcategories of the track and field events, gymnastics is a general category, and floor exercise a particular form of it. l In short, in a good class

36、ification the parts must be parallel, and they should add up to the whole subject. 31Sample 1 Analysis When you read this paragraph, you see clearly how classification is applied to describe the Indians. At first the word Indian is rather vague to you. You may think that Indians are Native Americans

37、 and must be identical to each other in many ways. However, as the paragraph classifies these people into categories by their different characteristics, such as occupations, ways of life and languages, you begin to know the Indians better: they are peoples with different cultures, histories, languag

38、es and ways of life.32Sample 2 Analysis In this paragraph, you see a clear classification. The people on the beach are divided into two major groups, adults and children. Then, the adults are further divided into two types, some enjoy sitting in the shade, watching the sea and listening to the sound

39、 of waves; others prefer basking in the sun to get themselves tanned. The children are also divided into two groups, the older ones and the younger ones, with different things attracting them most.33Sample 3 Analysis According to the author, book owners can be divided into three kinds: those who do

40、not read their books, those who read carelessly short parts of their books, and those who read closely and carefully every one of their books. In his opinion, only the third kind can be said to own books.34Expressions for Classification main kinds of, unimportant, major kinds of, insignificant, basi

41、c kinds, similar, fundamental, dissimilar, significant, contradictory, important, opposing, primary, secondary, opposite, minor, contrasting clearly distinguishable, easily distinguished, incontestable differences, incontestable similarities, classify, divide kinds, types, attributes, methods, sourc

42、es, characteristics, divisions, origins, eras, parts, regions, factors, categories, bases, times, classes, qualities, aspects, classifications, mutually exclusive, according to _, with respect to _, _ falls into _ categories, _ can be divided into _ classes35 definition, classification, sequence, ch

43、oice, compare and contrast, explanation, evaluation, description36 When writing a definition paragraph, you take a thing or an idea and explain what it is. Helper Words: is, is defined as, is a kind of Example: Write a paragraph giving the definition of a pest. 1. A pest is defined as any animal or

44、plant that damages crops, forests, or property. 2. A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property.37 Poverty is living in a smell that never leaves. It is the smell of young children who cannot walk along dark way in the night. It is the smell of milk which has gone sou

45、r because the refrigerator doesnt work, and it costs money to get it fixed. It is the smell of rotting garbage. 38 When writing a classification paragraph, you group things or ideas into specific categories. Example: Write a paragraph discussing two types of energy resources. Helper words: is a kind

46、 of, can be divided into, is a type of, falls under, belongs to, is a part of, fits into, is grouped with, is related to, is associated with Exercise: write a paragraph classifying the impacts of owning a car39 In a sequencing paragraph, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in

47、 some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. Example: Write a paragraph about how to succeed in a job interview. 40 In order to succeed in a job interview, an applicants good performance before, during and after an interview are required. Before an interview, it is wise for the applica

48、nt to do full preparation, such as getting enough information of the employer, formal dressing style and so on. During the interview, his quick reaction will enable him to answer interviewers questions properly and quickly enough. After the interview, certainly, he needs to wait for result patiently

49、, but it is also a good idea for him to actively make a phone call asking for feedback after a certain period of time. More often than not, a job applicant is likely to get hired if he performs in that way.41 In a paragraph where you have to make a choice, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. Often, you will need