汽车专业英语

1、lPassage AlDrive Train (I)The drive train serves two functions: it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels, and it varies the amount of torque. “Power” is the speed at which work is performed. “Torque” is twisting force. The drive train includes: transmission that is connected to the bac

2、k of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels; driveshaft that transmits the power from transmission to differential; and differential that sends the power to the two wheel axles. See figure 4-1. Figure 4-1 Some types of drive train layouts use a “transaxle”, which is simpl

3、y a combination of the transmission and the differential. These are usually found on front wheel drive cars, but are also used on rear-engine cars. See figure 4-2.Figure 4-2 Front wheel drive layoutThere are two types of transmissions: manual and automatic. If you have a manual transmission, you hav

4、e to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the clutch pedal. If you have an automatic transmission, the mechanism changes without any help from you. This is accomplished through a system that works by oil pressure. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a shift

5、 valve; and the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions. Both manual transmission (with its clutch) and automatic transmission (plus its torque converter) accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. See figure 4-3.Figure 4-3Manual transmissions us

6、ually have four or five speeds, and often have “overdrive”, which means that the output shaft can turn faster than the input shaft for fuel economy on the highway. In general, transmissions with more speeds provide better fuel economy and smoother shifting, but they cost more to manufacture, so smal

7、l sub-compact cars will often have optional 4 speed transmissions, while more upscale cars will have 5 or 6 speed transmissions. See figure 4-4.Figure 4-4The modern automatic transmission is by far the most complicated mechanical component in todays automobile. Automatic transmissions contain mechan

8、ical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony. All automatic transmissions have a shifter that has at least 4 positions, park, reverse neutral and drive. Many units also have a low range to assist in engine braking on long downhill

9、 runs. Others have special positions where the driver can manually shift if desired. See figure 4-5.Figure 4-5Automatic transmissions contain many gears in various combinations. In a manual transmission, gears slide along shafts as you move the shift lever from one position to another, engaging vari

10、ous sized gears as required in order to provide the correct gear ratio. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. This is accomplished through the use of planetary gear sets. See figure 4-6.Figure 4-6 Planetary Gear System S

11、ide ViewThe basic planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and two or more planet gears, all remaining in constant mesh. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” attached to the carrier.1. The drive t

12、rain includes: transmission that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the drive wheels; driveshaft that transmits the power from transmission to differential; and differential that sends the power to the two wheel axles. 传动系包传动系包括变速器（与发动机尾部连接将发动机的动力传括变速器（与发动机

13、尾部连接将发动机的动力传递到驱动轴）、传动轴（将动力从变速器传递到递到驱动轴）、传动轴（将动力从变速器传递到差速器）、差速器（将动力传递到两个半周）。差速器）、差速器（将动力传递到两个半周）。2. If you have a manual transmission, you have to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the clutch pedal. 如如果是手动变速器，必须自己换挡，通常用中控台果是手动变速器，必须自己换挡，通常用中控台上的操纵杆和离合器踏板。上的操纵杆

14、和离合器踏板。3. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a shift valve; and the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions. 每次每次换挡由换挡阀控制；挡位变换取决于车速、换挡由换挡阀控制；挡位变换取决于车速、路况和载量。路况和载量。4. In general, transmissions with more speeds provide better fuel economy and smoother shifting, but they cost

15、more to manufacture, so small sub-compact cars will often have optional 4 speed transmissions, while more upscale cars will have 5 or 6 speed transmissions. 一般来说，变速一般来说，变速越多的变速器燃油经济性就越好，换挡就越平顺，越多的变速器燃油经济性就越好，换挡就越平顺，但是，制造成本也就越高。所以，小型紧凑型汽但是，制造成本也就越高。所以，小型紧凑型汽车经常选用车经常选用4速变速器，而更高端汽车用速变速器，而更高端汽车用5速或速或6速变

16、速器。速变速器。5. Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony. 自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、电器系统和电脑控制系统、所有这些彼此协调共电器系统和电脑控制系统、所有这些彼此协调共同运作。同运作。6. In an automatic transmission, however, the gears

17、 are never physically moved and are always engaged to the same gears. 但是，但是，在自动变速器上，齿轮本身从不移动，始在自动变速器上，齿轮本身从不移动，始终与相同齿轮啮合。终与相同齿轮啮合。7. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that allows the gears to spin on shafts called “pinions” attached to the carrier. 行星齿轮行星齿轮通过共用的行星

18、齿轮架相互连接，行星齿通过共用的行星齿轮架相互连接，行星齿轮架使行星齿轮在被称为轮架使行星齿轮在被称为“小齿轮小齿轮”的轴的轴上旋转，上旋转，“小齿轮小齿轮”与行星齿轮架相连接。与行星齿轮架相连接。vary vri v. 变化，改变变化，改变torque tC:k n. 转力矩，扭矩，转矩，扭力转力矩，扭矩，转矩，扭力twisting twisti n. 扭转扭转include in klu:d v. 包括，连包括，连在内在内transmission trnzmiFn n. 变速器变速器driveshaft draivF:ft n. 驱动轴，传动轴，主动轴驱动轴，传动轴，主动轴differen

19、tial 7difrenFl n. 差速器差速器layout lei7aut n. 布局，安排布局，安排transaxle trnsksl n. 驱动桥，变速驱动桥，变速传动器，联合驱动桥，变速驱动桥，变速传动器，联合传动器传动器manual mnjul a. 手动（的），人工（的）手动（的），人工（的）automatic 7C:tmtik a. 自动的，自动装置自动的，自动装置axle ksl n. 轮轴，车轴轮轴，车轴shift Fift v. 改变，移转，移位改变，移转，移位gear gi n. 齿轮，传动装置，齿轮组齿轮，传动装置，齿轮组stick stik n. 手动杆手动杆cons

20、ole knsul n. 控制台，操纵台控制台，操纵台accomplish kCmpliF v. 完成，实现，达到（目的）完成，实现，达到（目的）mechanism meknizm n. 机械，机构机械，机构clutch kltF n. 离合器离合器smooth smu: a. 平稳的，流畅的，平滑的，平顺的平稳的，流畅的，平滑的，平顺的mechanical miknikl a. 机械的，力学的机械的，力学的component kmpunnt n. 部件，成分，零件部件，成分，零件hydraulic haidrC:lik a. 液压的液压的harmony h:mni n. 协调，和睦，调和协调

21、，和睦，调和shifter Fift n. 变速拨叉变速拨叉downhill daunhil a. 向坡下（的）；向坡下（的）；ad. 走下坡路的（地）走下坡路的（地）engaging ingeidi a. 接合的，啮合的接合的，啮合的planetary plnitri a. 行星的行星的carrier kri n. 支座，托架支座，托架spin spin v. 旋转旋转pinion pinjn n. 小齿轮小齿轮rear driveshaft 后传动轴后传动轴front driveshaft 前传动轴前传动轴drive train 传动系统传动系统twisting force 扭力，扭转力扭

22、力，扭转力drive wheel 主动轮，驱动轮主动轮，驱动轮wheel axle 轮轴，半轴轮轴，半轴manual transaxle 手动变速差速器手动变速差速器automatic transaxle 自动变速驱动桥自动变速驱动桥clutch pedal 离合器踏板离合器踏板oil pressure 油压，油压力油压，油压力shift valve 换挡油阀，换挡阀换挡油阀，换挡阀fuel economy 耗热率，燃油经济性耗热率，燃油经济性torque converter 液力变矩器液力变矩器low range 低速挡，低挡低速挡，低挡shift lever 变速杆变速杆gear rati

23、o 齿轮数比，速比，减速比齿轮数比，速比，减速比planetary gear set 行星齿轮组行星齿轮组sun gear 太阳齿轮，横行齿轮太阳齿轮，横行齿轮planet gear 行星齿轮行星齿轮constant mesh 经常啮合经常啮合EXERCISE 1EXERCISE 21. Rear Driveshaft 2. 主动轮，驱动轮主动轮，驱动轮 3. drive train 4. 油压，油压力油压，油压力5. clutch pedal 6. 液力变矩器液力变矩器7. low range 8. 齿圈，内齿圈齿圈，内齿圈9. shift lever 10. 行星齿轮行星齿轮EXERCIS

24、E 3low range powershift valvehydraulic systemsgear automatic drive wheelssun gearclutch pedalmanual1. “” is the speed at which work is performed.2. Transmission is connected to the back of the engine and sends the power from the engine to the .3. There are two types of transmissions: manual and .4.

25、If you have a manual transmission, you have to shift the gears yourself, usually with a stick located on your console and the .5. Each shift of the gears is controlled by a ; the gear changes depend on speed, the road, and load conditions.6. transmissions usually have four or five speeds.7. Automati

26、c transmissions contain mechanical systems, , electrical systems and computer controls.8. Many units also have a to assist in engine braking on long downhill runs. 9. In an automatic transmission, the are never physically moved.10. The basic planetary gear set consists of a , a ring gear and two or

27、more planet gears.EXERCISE 41. The drive train _ (将汽车发动机的动力传给驱动车轮将汽车发动机的动力传给驱动车轮).2. If you have a manual transmission, _ (你必你必须自己换挡须自己换挡).3. Automatic transmissions contain mechanical systems, hydraulic systems, electrical systems and computer controls, _ (所有一切都所有一切都非常协调地在运行非常协调地在运行).4. The basic p

28、lanetary gear set consists of a sun gear, a ring gear and two or more planet gears, _ (它们始终保它们始终保持着接合状态持着接合状态).5. The planet gears are connected to each other through a common carrier that _ (行星齿轮架行星齿轮架使行星齿轮在轴上旋转使行星齿轮在轴上旋转).Drive Train (II)Another basic component of all drive trains is a clutch. It

29、is a rotating mechanism between the engine and the transmission. It operates through friction which comes from contact between the parts.In a car with a manual transmission, we need a clutch because the engine spins all the time and the car wheels dont. In order for a car to stop without killing the

30、 engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them.The clutch includes the flywheel, clutch disk, pressure plate, pressure plate cover and the linkage n

31、ecessary to operate the clutch. See figure 4-7. Figure 4-7The flywheel is bolted to the crankshaft of the engine. Its main function is to transfer engine torque from the engine to the transmission. See figure 4-8.Figure 4-8 Flywhee The clutch disk is basically a steel plate, covered with a frictiona

32、l material that goes between the flywheel and the pressure plate. See figure 4-9. Figure 4-9 Clutch PlateA pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. It includes a sheet metal cover, heavy release springs, a metal pressure ring that provides a friction surface for the clutch disk. See figure 4-10.Fig

33、ure 4-10 Pressure PlateThe release bearing is the heart of clutch operation. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the release bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plates release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force. See figu

34、re 4-11. Figure 4-11The linkage transmits and multiplies the drivers leg force to the fork of the clutch pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable. A hydraulic clutch linkage typically includes a clutch master cyli

35、nder and reservoir, a hydraulic line and a slave cylinder.Automatic transmission cars use a “torque converter” instead of a clutch.A torque converter is a lager doughnut shaped device that is mounted between the engine and the transmission. It turns at the same speed as the engine. Figure 4-12 shows

36、 how everything is connected inside the torque converter. Figure 4-12 Torque ConverterThe torque converter has three parts that work together to transmit power to the transmission. The three parts of the torque converter are impeller (or pump), the turbine, and the stator. The impeller is mounted di

37、rectly to the torque housing which in turn is bolted directly to the engines crankshaft and turns at engine speed. The turbine is inside the housing and is connected directly to the input shaft of the transmission providing power to move the car. The stator (or guide wheel) between the two is mounte

38、d to a one-way clutch so that it can spin freely in one direction but not in the other.The torque converter is filled with transmission fluid that is moved by the impeller blades. The stators vanes catch the oil thrown off from the impeller, and use it to move the turbines blades. When the impeller

39、spins above a certain speed, the turbine spins, driven by the impeller. See figure 4-13.Fluid enters here Figure 4-13A drive shaft and universal joints (U-joints) connect the transmission to the rear drive axle on most rear-wheel-drive cars. Many four-wheel-drive cars also use drive shafts and unive

40、rsal joints, with one drive shaft between the transfer case and rear drive axle and a second drive shaft between the transfer case and the front drive axle. The drive shaft is sometimes called a propeller shaft. See figure 4-14.Figure 4-14The drive shaft and U-joints provide a means of transferring

41、engine torque to drive axles. The universal joints allow the drive shaft to move up and down, to allow for suspension travel. Some drive shafts also have a slip joint that allows the drive shaft to make minor length changes as the car suspension height changes.The differential is mounted in a housin

42、g or a differential case and revolves with the ring gear. See figure 4-15. It performs two tasks: when the car is traveling straight ahead, both wheels are free to rotate, the lever will divide the diving force equally, and both disks will move the same amount. When a car is cornered, the inner whee

43、l moves through a shorter distance than the outer wheel. This means that the inner wheel must slow down, and the outer wheel must speed up. Figure 4-151. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. 要要使汽车停下来而不伤及发动机，必须设法使汽车停下来而不伤及发

44、动机，必须设法让车轮与发动机脱离。让车轮与发动机脱离。2. The clutch allows us to smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them. 离合器通过控制在两者之间离合器通过控制在两者之间产生的滑动使旋转的发动机与非旋转的变产生的滑动使旋转的发动机与非旋转的变速器平顺啮合。速器平顺啮合。3. When the clutch pedal is depressed, the release bearing moves

45、toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plates release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force. 踩踏离合器踏板时，分离轴踩踏离合器踏板时，分离轴承朝飞轮方向移动，推入到压盘分离指中，承朝飞轮方向移动，推入到压盘分离指中，使压盘分离指抵住压盘弹簧力。使压盘分离指抵住压盘弹簧力。4. Some drive shafts also have a slip joint that allows t

46、he drive shaft to make minor length changes as the car suspension height changes. 一些驱动轴还有伸缩接头，使驱一些驱动轴还有伸缩接头，使驱动轴在汽车悬架高度变换时长度有小的变动轴在汽车悬架高度变换时长度有小的变化。化。disconnect disknekt v. 分离，切断分离，切断engage ingei v. 接合，啮合接合，啮合slippage slipi n. 滑移，滑动滑移，滑动frictional friknl a. 摩擦的摩擦的depress dipres v. 压低，压下，按下压低，压下，按下mu

47、ltiply mltiplai v. 增加，倍增，增多增加，倍增，增多fork f:k n. 叉，离合器叉叉，离合器叉reservoir rezvw: n. 储液器储液器doughnut dunt n. 油炸圈饼油炸圈饼impeller impel n. 泵轮，轮叶泵轮，轮叶turbine t:bin n. 涡轮涡轮stator steit n. 导轮导轮vane vein n. 叶片叶片blade bleid n. 叶片，轮片叶片，轮片propeller prpel n. 推进器推进器suspension sspenn n. 悬挂，悬架悬挂，悬架basic component 基础部件基础部

48、件clutch disk (clutch plate) 离合器盘离合器盘pressure plate 离合器压盘离合器压盘pressure plate cover 离合器盘盖离合器盘盖release spring 回位弹簧，分离弹簧回位弹簧，分离弹簧pressure ring 压环压环friction surface 摩擦面，摩擦表面摩擦面，摩擦表面release bearing (throw-out bearing) 分离轴承分离轴承clutch pedal 离合器踏板离合器踏板release finger 离合分离爪，离合器分离指离合分离爪，离合器分离指pressure plate fin

49、ger 离合器压盘指离合器压盘指clutch master cylinder 离合器总泵，离合离合器总泵，离合器主缸器主缸hydraulic line 液压管路液压管路slave cylinder 离合器分泵，从动缸离合器分泵，从动缸torque converter 液力变矩器液力变矩器input shaft 输入轴，主动轴输入轴，主动轴transmission fluid 传动液，变速箱润滑油传动液，变速箱润滑油universal joint 万向接头万向接头rear drive axle 后驱动桥后驱动桥transfer case 分动箱，分动器分动箱，分动器drive axle 传动轴，

50、驱动轴传动轴，驱动轴differential case 差动齿轮箱，差速器箱差动齿轮箱，差速器箱inner wheel 内侧车轮内侧车轮outer wheel 外侧车轮外侧车轮EXERCISE 5The following is the air filter.SampleEnglish TermsExplanationsChinese1. Air filterDevice that removes suspended particles from a liquid or gasA. 空气过滤器2. NutMetal part used to close the cover of the air

51、 filterB. 螺帽3. CoverMetal part protecting the air filterC. 过滤器盖4. PVC filterVinyl filterD. PVC过滤器5. Vacuum hoseTubes used to expel airE. 真空软管6. Vacuum controlDevice that regulates pressureF. 真空控制装置7. ShutterJointed flap that regulates air intakeG. 空气阀8. Air intakePlace where air enters to be filtere

52、dH. 进气口9. Heater pipeHose that uses the heat of the motor to warm air that enters the filterI. 加热器管10. CollarAdjustable metal circle that can be tightened to hold a hose in placeJ. 可调整环11. Thermostatic valveValve used to maintain a constant temperatureK. 温度调解阀12. Air filterApparatus through which ai

53、r is passed to remove impuritiesL. 空气过滤器13. ClampCollar that holds the cover in placeM. 夹圈EXERCISE 6ABC1. Air filterA. PVC过滤器2. NutB. 真空控制装置3. CoverC. 空气过滤器4. PVC filterD. 进气口5. Vacuum hoseE. 螺帽6. Vacuum controlF. 可调整环7. ShutterG. 过滤器盖8. Air intakeH. 真空软管9. Heater pipeI. 温度调解阀10. CollarJ. 夹圈11. Ther

54、mostatic valveK. 空气阀12. ClampL. 加热器管EXERCISE 7 A BA. 菲亚特（Fiat）B. 布加迪（BUGATTI）C. 兰博基尼（Lamborghini）D. 平尼法尼那（PINIFARINA）E. 法拉利（Ferrari）F. 博通（BERTONE） G. 依维柯（IVECO） H. 阿巴斯（ABARTH） I. 德托马索（DETOMASO） J. 阿尔法罗密欧（Alfa Romeo） K. 伊索（ISORIVOLTA） L. 边赤（BIANCHI） Troubleshooting GuideSample 1Symptom: Down shifting

55、 seems harshDescription of problem: Whenever you let off the gas pedal after driving some time, the transmission seems to jerk into a lower gear. You especially notice the harshness of the shift when you press on the gas pedal for “passing gear”. Passing gear is really the next lowest gear for the t

56、ransmission. The transmission downshifts to provide more power for passing. Harsh downshifting is not good and is not normal. You dont notice any other problem with the transmission.1. The throttle linkage for the transmission is out of adjustment or damaged. 2. The fluid level in your transmission

57、is incorrect.3. You have an internal problem in the transmission.4. You have a problem with the engine.5. There is a problem with the electrical controls of your transmission.Sample 2Symptom: The clutch slipsDescription of problem: When you step on the clutch and shift, the engine will speed up, but the car doesnt. It seems like the clutch is slipping and is not changing gears properly. This problem becomes apparent gradually and gets worse over time. This should not be ignore