优质跨文化交际上课内容unit70001

1、Unit Seven Time and Space Across CulturesI. Warm Up1. Please read the story on page 156. What can we learn from the story?2. Go to answer the questions on Group Work (p235-236) and find out your sense of time?Supplement: Additional materialsII. ChronemicsChronemics is the study of how people perceiv

2、e and use time.(i) The sense of time:1) Time is linear 线形 . Western cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future.2) Time is cyclical 周期的 . Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow 潮涨潮落 of the tides.(ii) Monochronic 出现一次

3、and Polychronic Time (p256-257)1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is the dominating time system in our culture?1) Monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time eve nts scheduled as separate items.2) Polychronic time means being involved with many things

4、at once.2. What is the philosophy 哲学 underlying each of the time system?1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion 完成 of tran sacti ons 事务 rather tha n adhere nee to 遵守 prese nt schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a eonsequenee, are frequently broken. P-time is tr

5、eated as less tangible 有形地 than M-time.Weakness: Matters in a polychromic 多彩的 culture seem in a constant state 恒定常态 of flux. Appointments are frequently broken.2) In M-time system, social and bus in ess life is com monly schedule-do min ated. By scheduli ng, we compartme ntalize 划分;this makes it pos

6、sible to concentrate on 集中注意 one thing at a time, but it also reduces the con text. M-time is also tan gible. M-time scheduli ng is used as a classification system that orders life.Weakness: Life in general is at times unpredictable. M-time reduces the con text and alie nate 使疏远 people from themselv

7、es and from others.(iii) The Heartbeat of Culture (p229-232)1. What does the author want to tell us from his experienee in Brazil and the questionnaire between students in Niteroi and those in Fres no?In Brazil, people seem to be very flexible in their con cepts of time and punctuality. Brazilians a

8、re likely to attribute lateness for appointments to unforeseen circumstances 意外情况 that the person could n c on trol. They seem less in cli ned to 倾向于 feel pers on ally resp on sible for being late. So they express less regret for their own late ness and blame others less whe n others are late.The Br

9、azilian students believed that a person who is consistently late is probably more successful tha n one who is con siste ntly on time. They seemed to accept the idea that some one of status is expected to arrive late. Lack of punctuality is a badge 标i己 of success.2. There aren unanimous 全体一致 percepti

10、ons of time 时间知觉 among culturally differe nt people. Eve n with in one coun try, ideas of time and punctuality vary considerably from place to place. Different regions and even cities have their own distinet rhythms and rules.3. Appreciating cultural differences in time sense becomes increasingly im

11、porta nt as moder n com muni catio ns put more and more people in daily con tact. If we are to avoid misread ing issues that in volve time percepti ons, we n eed to un dersta nd better our own cultural biases 偏 见 and those of others.探 American Concept of Time: (See Case 25)III. Proxemics人际距离学A fasc

12、in ati ng area in the non verbal world of body Ian guage is that of spatial relati on ships 空 间关系,or proxemics, the study of ma ns appreciation and use of space. As a species, man is highly territorial but we are rarely aware of it uni ess our space is somehow violated. Spatial relati on ships and t

13、erritorial boun daries directly in flue nee our daily encoun ters. Maintaining eon trol over such space is a key factor in pers onal satisfaetion; observing spatial interactions in everyday life is a key to pers onal aware ness.(i)The study of proxemics includes three aspectsof space: (a) fixed feat

14、ures of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space(a) fixed features of spaceFixed feature space is characterized by unmovable boundaries, like divisions within an office building. Architecture and spacing of build ings also bel ong to this aspect of space.For example, a pers on

15、in the Un ited States can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings 民居.Therefore, he may be amazed at the close ness of people in China.In terculturalcom muni cators n eed to realize that cultures havealter native approaches 变换方法 to space and ways of using it.(b) semif

16、ixed 半固定 features of spaceSemifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arran geme nt and seat ing.1. fur niture arran geme nt :French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized集中的,and spatially the entire countr

17、y is laid out aroundcen ters.In Germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.In Japan, where group participati on is en couraged, many desks are arran ged hierarchically 分等级的 in the cen ter of a large, com mon room abse nt of walls.Chinese geomancy, feng shui,

18、 is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happ in ess, prosperity, and health.2. seati ngIn the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather tha n those seated or sta nd beside them.The Chinese ofte n experie ne

19、e un eas in ess whe n they face some one directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from some one.(c) pers onal space or private space (p239-241)1. Behavioral study indicates that individuals perceive a distance that is appropriate for different types of messages; they also establish a comf

20、ortable dista nce for pers onal in teracti on and non verbally defi ne this as their pers onal space. Research supports the hypothesis 假设 that the violation 违反侵害 of this personal space can have serious adverse effects 不利影响 on com muni cati on. Thus, if an in dividual is to be mutually 互相 satisfied i

21、n a com muni cati on en coun ter his/herpersonal space must be respected. Should an intruder侵入者 invade 侵略干扰this personal space while also trespassing 擅自进入with in territorial boun daries he placed himself in double jeopardy双重负担 and must compe nsate 弥补 for the others in creased an xiety.2. The differe

22、 nces among America ns, the In dia, the Japa nesea nd the ArabIn the United States, Hall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people in teract: the in timate zone 亲密区, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone. The study of spatial territory for the pur

23、pose of com munication uses four categories for in formal space: the in timate dista nce for embrac ing or whisperi ng (6-18 inches), the personal distance for conversations among good friends (1.5-4 feet), social distance for conversations among acqua intan ces (4-12 feet), and public dista nce use

24、d for public speak ing (12 feet or more).ntimate dista nceranging from direct con tact to about 45cm, which applies to the closest relatio nships such as husba nc and wifepers onal dista nceranging from 45 to 80cm, which is usually maintained for conversations between friends & relativessocialrangin

25、g from 1.3to 2 meters, which covers peopledista ncewho work together or are meeting at social gatheri ngspublicsuch as that kept between a lecturer and hisdista nceaudie nceIn India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste 印度的社会等级may approach other castes.In Japan, the priv

26、ate bubble and the personal space are more a creati on of the mi nd tha n an actual existe nce 真实存在.The Japa nese connect privacy with men tal space. In crowds each Japa nese becomes an isla nd and he is alone as long as he does not ack no wledge any of the other people.In Arab , Arabs of the same s

27、ex do stand much closer than North America ns. An Arab en teri ng an elevator may sta nd right n ext to ano ther pers on and be touch ing eve n though no one else is in the elevator.(ii) TerritorialityTerritoriality refers to how space can be used to com muni cate messages. Territorial claims differ

28、 from personal space in that the personal zone accompa nies the in dividual while territoriality is relatively statio nary 固定 的.Semi-fixed feature space is often the criteria 标准 used to establish a territory with in any en vir onmen t; it becomes a mans safety zone where he rests from the rigors 严格

29、of defending personal space from invasion, the dramatic or sudden entry into anothers personal zone. Humans, like animals, indicate their ownership of this established territory and will consequently defend it against all invasions. Territoriality is established so rapidly that even the second sessi

30、on 会话 in a series of lectures 讲座 is sufficient to find most of the audienee returning to their same seats. And if one has bee n sitt ing in a particular seat and some one else occupies it, one can notice a fleeting 短暂的 irritation.Compare the differe nces among the cultures of the coun tries men ti oned in Home in Various Cultures” (p244-247).America: showing visitors around home; people are not allowed to lock doors except the bathroom door; kitchen is the place for negotiation between the mother and the